Why should we stay in Afghanistan Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why should we stay in Afghanistan - Thesis Exampleorted the Taliban against Soviet Union to make this world uni-polar and now with China imperil to become a super power, staying back would mean US will extradite more control over the region. Furthermore, Pakistan blames US involvement for the unrest in its country and China supports Pakistans claims and wants US to go. Whereas, India pressures NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan, to keep Pakistan engaged at the western border sledding its side to lesser happenings (Bosco, 2012). Considering Osama lay in Ladin was present in Pakistan, and was killed by American Marines in a covert operation in Abbotabad raises questions on its ally status with US against the war on terrorism, as it failed to provide the intel on bin Ladin.Furthermore, President Karzais government is incompetent and very corrupt, with an inefficient army that is unable to preserve a fearless Afghanistan (Bosco, 2012). If America leaves Afghanistan in this state, at that place will be political unrest in the country, giving rise to a Taliban insurgency once again. This will earn back same political and security conditions before US hit Afghanistan, and will fail to accomplish what they had aimed, a safer world free of Al-Qaeda.Then there is a threat that if US were to leave Afghanistan abruptly, the resulting Taliban government will commence a mass murder, like the withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam (Woodward, 2011). It is feared that the number of civilians slaughtered by the Talibans would exceed the killings of 2 million Cambodian civilians by Cambodias uncontrolled communist potentate, Pol Pot (Austin Bay, Express-News columnist, 2012).The primary argument in favour of leaving Afghanistan is that the US got involved with Afghanistan for two purposes. Drive Taliban out of Afghanistan and end the imposing threat to world peace secondly, dissipate Al-Qaeda networks and end terrorist threats and attacks on America. They have succeeded in achieving both (Bandow, 2012).Secondly, the

HRM of Sonoco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

HRM of Sonoco - Essay ExampleThe strategic value of the humans imagination Management Structure in the development and implementation of the organizations goal cannot be gainsaid. Thus its involvement in any planning and roll out of strategies and initiatives is not only a must but mandatory (Little, 2011). Sonoco is a 100 year old organization that have survived wars and repeated economical crises. It is also a paternal organization that values relationship rather than performance. Sonoco will be examined in this thesis to assess how the value of human resource management will be applied. Background The suffering role of Human Resource Management in organizations (Losey, Meisinger, & Ulrich, 2005) that enable it to play an important role in strategic initiatives cannot be made more apparent that in the deterrent example of Sonoco. For the cave in part of the last one hundred years Sonoco packaging company have successfully achieved uninterrupted growth coupled with impressive monetary success. However, the past several global crises have also affected the primary customers of Sonoco that contributed to a drastic diminution in its fiscal performance. Despite these adverse economic situations Sonoco managed to grow through the acquisition of several other companies. In trying to survive several crisis that would include reduced local demands Sonoco also had to contend with the increase visibleness of off-shore competitors that severely undercuts its prices. To resolve these challenges Sonoco tried and failed to get the right talents that would give it a fresh perspective. Instead Sonoco go through productivity issues. The unreliable market experienced during the upshot would have been as a result of poor production which is also a consequence of lack of... According to the research findings the growing role of Human Resource Management in organizations that enable it to play an important role in strategic initiatives cannot be made more apparent that in the case of Sonoco. For the better part of the last one hundred years Sonoco packaging company have successfully achieved uninterrupted growth coupled with impressive financial success. However, the past several global crises have also affected the primary customers of Sonoco that contributed to a drastic reduction in its fiscal performance. Despite these adverse economic situations Sonoco managed to grow through the acquisition of several other companies. In trying to survive several crisis that would include reduced local demands Sonoco also had to contend with the increasing visibility of off-shore competitors that severely undercuts its prices. To resolve these challenges Sonoco tried and failed to get the right talents that would give it a fresh perspective. Instead Sonoco experienced productivity issues. The unreliable market experienced during the case would have been as a result of poor production which is also a consequence of lack of proper management by the stem manag ers and corresponding supervisors within the packaging department. Some of the consequences of poor management experienced in the case study include but not limited to reduction in sales which negatively impacted the company creating a perception that the company is losing consumer interest in the global market.

Nursing Process Essay Example for Free

Nursing Process EssayThe leaf node is a 70 year old, Caucasian male who is a retired siding salesman from Riverside, IA, who has an protracted history with Paralysis agitans (Parkinsons unhealthiness). The customer was first admitted to the coherent marge c be facility in December 2012. The node explained that he came to be at this facility after already macrocosm in two places like this. He was removed/discharged from the last tenacious-term cargon facility for being what he inspected disruptive. The lymph node described the ply at the last facility as non very kind to the residents. There was an incident where the drugs that were positive to the lymph gland made him hallucinate and he became unruly with the staff and was restrained and taken to the hospital for evaluation. He was beca use up transferred to this long term look at facility. scatty to gather the clients health history, an interview was scheduled.In starting the interview with the client, he was asked if he would be comfortable with being asked some questions and was informed that he did non imbibe to answer all questions that he was uncomfortable with. Due to the clients paralysis agitans and his muscle weakness he is primarily in a wheelchair. The client was asked if there was any(prenominal) social function that he needed before starting and if he would prefer the door be closed or the curtain be drawn for privacy, he stated that wasnt necessary. It was succeedd that the client had tremors in his right hand and arm. A few minutes after seance down, the client asked for help moving his hand that was resting on the bed to the arm of his wheelchair in doing this it seemed to help calm the tremors. When speaking with the client, he is of sound mind and has a sense of humor.This indicates that the clients paralysis agitans has not affected the area in the right hemisphere of the fountainhead that controls personality. The client noteworthy that he was in respectable physical health until 1996. He then explained that in the spring of 1996, objet dart he was running he suffered from a TIA (Transient Ischemic Attack). The client sought out professional answers from 5 specialists and was diagnosed with Paralysis agitans. The client conveyed this was a concern he had because his father similarly had Paralysis agitans. The client describes that the Paralysis agitans has progressively become worse over the past 18 years. It was observed that his saving was slow and monotonous. The client spoke in a low and discreet volume. A insufficiency of facial expressions was also noticed. The client can walk with the abetance of a walker but is generally in a wheelchair.Name of medicateDosageRouteTime related to toCarbidopa-Levo 25100 tabOrallyTIDParalysis agitansComtan200 mg tabletOrallyTIDParalysis agitansSeroquel XR50 mg tabletOrallyIn the afternoonNonorganic psychosisHe is prescribed 3 tablets to be taken by word of mouth 3 sequences a day Carbidopa -Levodopa 25-100 (25 mg of Carbidopa and 100 mg of Levodopa) for paralysis agitans. He is also prescribed 200 mg of Comtan to be taken orally 3 times a day for paralysis agitans. These drugs raise the level of dopamine in the brain. A side effect of having elevated levels of dopamine in the brain is psychosis. The client is also accustomed 50 mg of Seroquel XR orally in the afternoon to alleviate his nonorganic psychosis. It is documented in the clients chart that there are symptoms of pause apnea. When asked, the client stated that he was unaware of having that condition. The client does not use a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machinewhile quiescency at night.When talking more in depth roughly sleep patterns and concerns the client stated that he gets approximately 8 hours a sleep a night, this is without any help from sleep wait ons. When speaking of his bedtime rituals he said that he does have two beers, back to back, at night right before bedtime, while watch ing television. He does not have difficulty falling drowsy but did claim that he sometimes has a hard time staying asleep at night. When questi hotshotd about taking occasional naps throughout the day he stated depends on if Ive been up all night. The client then explained that it is the noise level at the long term care facility that keeps him awake.When inquiring about the clients family he stated that he has been get married for 48 years and has two children, a son who is 44 years old and a daughter that is 39 years old. The client also has sevener grandchildren. When asked what he likes to do in his spare time he replied that he loves spending time with his wife and children. He stated that before coming to this long term care facility he enjoyed playing card and gambling. He now plays computer games for fun, when his wife is there to help him. The client explained that he has a little bit of high blood pressure and it was noted in his chart that he is given an 81MG Aspirin d aily for atrial fibrillation.Aspirin81 mgOrallyo.d.A-fibAcetaminophen325 mgOrallyEvery 6 hour impositionHe has no history of heart surgeries or surgeries of any kind. The client reported that he has never had rheumatic fever. When asked about blood clots, the client responded that he believes that his TIA in 1996 was a result of arterial emboli. The client claims that sometimes he has numbness in his legs and his hamstrings tighten up and it can be painful. He stated that he exit ask for his prescribed 650 MG of acetaminophen for the pain.When speaking about everyday stresses with the client, he stated that he doesnt have a lot of stress but gets irritated when that staff turn on the lights every morning at 630 am. When asked if there was anything that he does when he notices that he is stressed, the client mentioned that when he was younger he would travel to Vedic City in Iowa and practice with the Maharishi meditating. He says that meditating has been very helpful in his adult l ife. The client also mentioned that he liked to respect the Maharishi life-style and eat only organic foods but it is not possible to follow that when residing at a long term care facility. Other things that he does to distress are look at his pictures that he has on his shelf in his room. The one that helps him the most is a black and white picture of him in a small airplane with his flight instructor stand on the wing. The client use to pilot planes when he was younger.When the client was asked if he was religious and he explained that he is Methodist but hasnt been to church in about 5 years. He did state that he does pray occasionally. The client stated that is not afraid of dying but he is afraid of falling. He then joked that perchance its not so much the falling but maybe its the landing. When assessing the clients vitals it was noted that he has slightly elevated blood pressure of 129/84 and could be cause for concern of pre-hypertension.metoprolol tartrate25 mgOrallyBI DHypertensionIt is noted in his chart that the client is given a 25 mg tablet of metoprolol tartrate orally twice a day for hypertension. His respirations were within normal range at 18 respirations per minute. SaO2 was at 86%. The clients temperature was taken orally and was 97.6 F. The client is 6 feet and 1 inch tall and weighs 257 lbs. The client has a BMI of 33.9. The client received a vaccination for influenza on 10/16/13. The clients chart states that he requires assistance with many daily activities. He is dependent on help with dressing, and bathing. When asked, the client stated that it is challenging to get dressed and unappareled imputable to the stiffness in his arms and legs.The client is on a repair diet and states that hedoesnt have any difficulty swallowing foods and doesnt require help with feeding. When asked about appetite he said that sometimes he doesnt have much of an appetite but he believes that is due to the medications that he is taking. The client explai ns that he is not aware of having any food allergies. He also stated that after eating he does not get under ones skin sensations of nausea/vomiting, but does encounter heartburn/indigestion occasionally, which he takes 30 ml an antacid suspension. He is also given one multivitamin orally daily for supplement.Antacid Suspension30 mlOrallyEvery 6 hours tag on heartburnMultivitamin1 tabletOrallyo.d.SupplementWhen the client was asked about dentures he stated that he does not have dentures even though dentures were noted in his chart. He states he needs aid in transferring from bed to a chair and with toileting. When asked about the character of his stools he explained that both consistency and color were normal. The client also stated that he does not need the help of laxatives. Noted in the clients chart he is given a 100 mg capsule of Docusate sodium orally 2 times a day to help with constipation.Docusate sodium100 mg capsuleOrallyBID disablementThe client does not have any history of kidney or bladder disease. He claims that the frequency, amount and color of his urine are normal. He also claims that he does not have any difficulty voiding and there is no pain or burning while urinating. According to the CNA, the client is able to stand,holding the hand rails, while urinating. It is noted in the clients care plan that he is urinary incontinent which is related to to impaired mobility and PRN straight catheter needed for intermittent retention secondary to BPH. The client is given one 0.4 mg of Tamsulosin HCL orally a day for BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia).Tamsulosin HCL0.4 mhOrallyo.d.BPHThe client needs assistance with bathing as well. The client also has a DNR order.Parkinsons disease (paralysis agitans) is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects ones mobility. According to Hubert and VanMeter, Parkinsons disease is a dysfunction of the extrapyramidal motor system that occurs because of progressive degenerative changes in the basal nuclei, principally in the substantia nigra.(UMMC, 2012) The substantia nigra is the primary area of the brain that is affected by Parkinsons disease (PD). (UMMC, 2012) The substantia nigra is comprised of a specific set of neurons that send chemic signals, called dopamine.Dopamine then travels to the striatum, responsible for balance, control of movements, and walking, by means of long fibers called axons. (Okun, 2013) These regular body movements are controlled by the activity of dopamine on these axons. With PD the neurons in the substantia nigra break down and die causing the loss of dopamine, which in turn causes the nerve cells in the striatum to trigger excessively. The excessive firing of neurons makes it impossible for one to control their movements, a sign of Parkinsons disease. (Okun, 2013) According to the Parkinsons disease intromission (2014)As many as one million Americans live with Parkinsons disease, which is more than the combined number of people diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy and Lou Gehrigs disease. Also approximately 60,000 Americans are diagnosed with Parkinsons disease each year, and this number does not reflect the thousands of cases that go undetected. An estimatedseven to 10 million people worldwide are living with Parkinsons disease. Incidence of Parkinsons increases with age, but an estimated four percent of people with PD are diagnosed before the age of 50 and men are one and a half times more likely to have Parkinsons than women. (p 1) Since PD is a progressively degenerative disease the signs and symptoms change over time and change from person to person. A widely used clinical rating scale is the Hoehn and Yahr scale (HY) this helps to identify signs and symptoms in the various stages of Parkinsons disease. (MGH, 2005)Early stages, like HYs stage one, of Parkinsons disease the symptoms are usually mild and appear unilateral. There may be changes in facial expressions, posture and locomotion these sympto ms are usually untimely and b otherwisesome but not disabling. As the disease progresses, into stage two of the HY scale, it may begin to affect ambulation and be noticeable bilaterally with minimal disability. (MGH, 2005) As symptoms worsen, as in stage three of the HY scale, there is considerable slowing of body movements, early impairment of equilibrium with walking and standing and generalized dysfunction that is moderately severe. The Hoehn and Yahr scales stage four explains that signs and symptoms are severe but the person can still walk to a limited extent. (MGH, 2005) Rigidity and bradykinesia become factors in mobility. In stage five the person is unable to walk or stand so is bedridden or confined to a wheelchair. This stage is referred to as the cachectic stage. Constant nursing care is required in stage five (Costa and Quelhas, 2009). There are many complications that are associated with PD one can be difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), likely due to the loss of control of muscles in the throat. (UMMC, 2012)Drooling can occur since spit may accrue in the mouth due to dysphagia. Difficulty swallowing can also lead to malnourishment, but also poses a try for aspiration pneumonia (Leopold and Kagel, 1997). Constipation can be another complication as to the slowing of the digestive tract. Parkinsons disease can also cause urinary retention and urinary incontinence. Dementia and difficulty thinking comes in later stages of PD. (University of Maryland Medical Center, 2012) Depression is very common in longanimouss with Parkinsons. The disease process itself causes changes in chemicals in the brain that affect mood and well-being. Anxiety is also very common and may be present along with depression (University of Maryland Medical Center, 2012). rest problemsand sleeping disorders are also associated with PD, with this comes fatigue. Some patients may experience feeling light headed when standing due to the drop in blood pressure (orthostatic hypotensio n). Pain can also be another symptom related to Parkinsons disease (Okun, 2013). There is not yet a cure for Parkinsons disease but there are treatments that can help alleviate the symptoms. The most commonly used is drug therapy. Medications can help with difficulty with movement, walking and controlling tremors by increasing the brains amount of dopamine. (University of Maryland Medical Center, 2012) The most common and most effective Parkinsons disease drug is Levodopa. This is a natural chemical that passes into your brain and is converted to dopamine (Okun, 2013). There is also surgical procedures available, deep brain stimulation. With this procedure the surgeon implants electrodes into a specific location in the patients brain. A generator is implanted in the patients chest, which is attached to the electrodes.This generator sends electrical impulses to the patients brain, which may lessen the symptoms of Parkinsons disease. (University of Maryland Medical Center, 2012) Othe r ways that help control the effects of PD is a healthy diet. Constipation is a complication associated with PD, so a diet that is balanced with whole grains, fruits and vegetables helps to manage this complication. Balance, coordination, flexibility and muscle strength deteriorate with PD so, exercise is encouraged. Exercise also helps with decreasing anxiety and depression. The client exhibits many of the discussed signs and symptoms of Parkinsons disease. The client experiences resting tremors, bradykinesia, mask like face (hypomimic), slowed speech and is in a wheelchair. He scores very poorly according to the Hoehn and Yahr scale. The client is on medications to help diminish the signs and symptoms of Parkinsons disease. Impaired physical mobility level 3, related to bradykinesia, akinesia, neuromuscular impairment motor weakness, pain and tremors. (Berman Snyder, 2012)Evidenced by lack of decisive movement within physical environment, including movement in bed, transfers, and ambulation. Limited range of motion (ROM). Decreased muscle stamina, strength and control. Limitation in independent, meaningful physical movement of the body and impairment unilaterally on the right side. Due to the muscular and neuromuscular weakness related to Parkinsons disease, evidenced by it being difficult for the patient to ambulate. The client has a defect of extrapyramidal tract, inthe basal ganglia, with loss of the neurotransmitter dopamine. (Berman Snyder, 2012) Classic triad of symptoms tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia (Jarvis, 2012). Tremors associated with paralysis agitans make it difficult maneuver. Tremors throw overboard with voluntary movement and during sleep (VanMeter and Hubert, 2014). apathy is an pass judgment human response to Parkinsons disease. The clients immobility puts him at risk for thrombophlebitis, skin breakdown, pneumonia and depression. Immobility impedes circulation and diminishes the supply of nutrients to specific areas. As a result, sk in breakdown and formation of pressure (decubitus) ulcer can occur (Berman and Snyder, 2012).Immobility also promotes clot formation. Self-care deficits related to neuromuscular impairment, immobility, decreased strength, and loss of muscle control and lack of coordination, ridgity and tremors. Self-care deficits, dressing, hygiene and toileting, evidenced by tremors and motor disturbance. The client lacks the ability to cleanse his body, comb his hair, dust his teeth and do skin care. . The client is also unable to dress himself satisfactory. He does not have the capability to fasten his clothes. The patient is assisted with ADLs. patient of is incapable to bathe, dress or brush teeth without aid. Patient occasionally needs assistance with feeding. Assistance is also required with toileting. Aid is needed with ADLs because of the lack of coordination and for safety. This nursing diagnosis is important because it ensures hygiene, improves quality of life, and promotes dignity, sel f-worth, independence and freedom. Risk for falls related to decreased mobility, and unsteady gait secondary to sedentary lifestyle and Parkinsons disease. Patient uses a wheelchair and ambulates with a walker. Patients gait is impaired due to Parkinsons disease. Festination, or a propulsive gait (short, shuffled steps with increasing acceleration), occurs as postural reflexes are impaired, leading to falls (VanMeter and Hubert, 2014).Falls also result in psychological implications for the patient with a decrease in self-confidence and a fear of further falls. This contributes to a decrease in mobility and culminates in a significant reduction in quality of life (Jarvis, 2012). Impaired catgut excretory product/constipation related to medication, physical disability and decreased activity. Evidenced by the client not passing stools daily. Medications prescribed to patient for Parkinsons disease connect to constipation. The patients experience with immobility is also acontributing factor for constipation. This nursing diagnosis is important because it allows nursing staff to monitor the patients bowel movements and avoid fecal impaction. Imbalanced nutrition less than body requirements related to tremors, slowing the process of eating, difficulty chewing and swallowing. Evidenced by the client occasionally needing assistance with eating. extort sores develop more quickly in patients with a nutritional deficit. Proper nutrition also provides needed energy for participating in an exercise or a rehabilitative program. The goal is to optimize the clients nutritional status. Impaired verbal communication related to decreased speech volume, decreased ability to speak, stiff facial muscles, delayed speech, and inability to move facial muscles. Evidenced by lack of expression on the clients face, clients hindered speech. passing of dopamine can affect the facial muscles, making them stiff and slow and resulting in a characteristic lack of expression. destination imp airment is referred to as dysarthria and is often characterized as weak, slow, or uncoordinated speaking that can affect volume and pitch. Difficulty speaking and writing because of tremors, hypophonia, and freeze incidents. This is an expected consequence of Parkinsons disease.Nursing Care Plan- Alteration in impaired physical mobility- Parkinsons disease Related to endingsInterventionBradykinsiaClient leave use a walker to go to breakfast in the mornings and not need assistance with transfers. Client will be able to perform all mobile ROM by 3 monthsExamine current mobility and observation of an increase in damage. Do exercise program to increase muscle strength.Perform supine or active assistive ROM exercises and muscle stretching exercises to all appendages. To promote increased venous return, prevent stiffness, and maintain muscle strength and endurance. Without movement, the collagen tissues at the joint become ankylosed (permanently immobile) (Berman Synder, 2012)Akinesia Client will gain power of voluntary movements.Joint contractures will not occur.Assess the possibility of deep brain stimulation.Refer to physical therapy.When the muscle fibers are not able to shorten and lengthen, eventually a contracture forms, limiting joint mobility (Berman Synder, 2012)TremorsClients tremors will decrease. get ahead deep alive, imagery techniques and meditation. come on holding an object in handSuggest holding the arm of the chair.Stimulating the brain by concentrating on breathing may cease tremors. (www.theparkinsonhub.com)PainClient will not experience pain 4 on a scale of 0-10Before activity observe for and, if possible, treat pain.Assess patients willingness or ability to explore a range of techniques aimed at controlling pain. Administer pain medication per physician orders.Encourage/assist to reposition frequently to position of comfort. Pain limits mobility and is often exacerbated by movement.(www.ptnow.org)Nursing Care Plan- Alteration in Skin Int egrity, Impaired Risk for Pressure Sores Pressure Ulcers, Bed Sores Decubitus Care Related toGoalInterventionsRationaleNeuromuscular impairmentClient will be free of any pressure ulcers for length of long term stay. Monitor site of skin impairment at least once a day for color changes, redness, swelling, warmth, pain or any other signs of infection. Pay special attention to high risk areas and ask client questions to determine whether he is experiencing loss of sensation. return barrier cream to peri area/ seat as needed. engross ROHO cushion on wheelchair.Checking skin once a day will ensure that skin stays intact. (Jarvis, 2012)ImmobilityClient will be able to express s/s of impaired skin.Teach skin and wound assessment and ways to monitor for s/s of infection, complications and healing. work prophylactic antipressure devices as assumeEarly assessment and interventions may help complications from developing. To prevent tissue breakdown.(Jarvis, 2012)Nursing Care Plan- Self Ca re DeficitsRelated toGoalInterventionRationaleImmobilityClient will assist with bathing, grooming, dressing, oral care and eating daily. Assist client with bathing, grooming, dressing, oral care and eating daily. Use high back wheelchair.The effectiveness of the bowel or bladder program will be enhanced if the natural and personal patterns of the patient are respected. Loss of muscle control and lack of coordinationClient will improve muscle control and coordination in all extremities for the length of long term stay. Client will walk to dining room and in hallways- 5 mins a day 5 days a week. Use consistent routines and allow adequate time for patient to complete tasks. Assist client with ambulation.This helps patient organize and carry out self-care skills.TremorsClient will be able to assist with dressing.Provide appropriate assistive devices for dressing as assessed by nurse and occupational therapist. Encourage use of clothing one size larger.Teach and support the client during the clients activitiesApply extensions on breaks with ball gripsThe use of a button hook or of loop and pile closures on clothes may make it possible for a patient to continue independence in this self-care activity. Ensures easier dressing and comfort.Grips will be easier to grasp with tremors.Neuromuscular impairmentClient will be clean, dressed, well prepare daily to promote dignity and psychosocial well-being. Assist with shower as needed.Assist with daily hygiene, grooming, dressing, oral care, and eating as needed. This promotes dignity and psychosocial well-being.Nursing Care Plan- Falls, risk forRelated toGoalInterventionRationaleDecreased muscle toneClient will express an understanding of the factors involved in possible injury. gear up the client about what makes them at risk for falls.Bed should be in lowest position.Provide assistance to transfer as needed.Reinforce the need for call light.If the client is educated and shows an understanding of the factors involved wit h falls, they are less likely to fall. Prevent fall.Nursing Care Plan- Impaired Bowel elimination/constipationRelated toGoalInterventionRationaleInactivity, immobilityClient will have soft formed stool every other day that are passed without difficulty. Encourage physical activity and regular exercise.Adjust toileting times to meet clients needs.Report changes in skin integrity forum during daily careAmbulation and/or abdominal exercises strengthen abdominal muscles that facilitate defecation. low-fiber dietEvaluate usual dietary habits, eating habits, eating schedule, and liquid intake. Initiate supplemental high-protein feedings as appropriate.Change in mealtime, type of food, disruption of usual schedule, and anxiety can lead to constipation. Proper nutrition is required to maintain adequate energy level. cut muscle toneEncourage isometric abdominal and gluteal exerciseApply skin moisturizers/barrier creams as neededTo strengthen muscles needed for riddance unless contraindicate d. (http//www.gutsense.org)MedicationsEncourage liquid intake of 2000 to 3000 ml per dayTo optimize hydration status and prevent hardening of stool(VanMeter Hubert, 2014)My thinking about my resident has definitely changed since the initial day when I conducted a health history assessment on him. I knew that first day that I was going to appreciate getting to populate this resident because of how smoothly the conversation flowed. This resident had some amazing stories to tell. I absolutely adore that fact that he and his wife have been married for 48 years. I enjoyed listening to him remember what life was like before being diagnosed with Parkinsons disease, it appeared to lighten his spirit. I feel very fortunate to have been given the opportunity to care for such a genuine soul. My whole clinical experience was a positive one. I realized that if I lacked the knowledge about a particular task to ask for help.I liked the fact that clinicals was hands on and that I gained experienc e in a long term health care facility. Another thing that this clinical rotationtaught me was that it takes an exceptional type of person to go into geriatric nursing. Probably the number one thing that Im going to take away from this clinical experience is the total importance of dignity. I too will be old someday and I applied the golden rule to this experience. I treated others as I want to someday, and hopefully, will be treated. What a fantastic learning experience.ReferencesBerman, A., Snyder, S. (2012). Kozier Erbs bedrock of Nursing Concepts, Process, and Practice. Upper Saddle River Pearson Education. Coleman, J., (September 1, 2013) Meditation Mitigating Parkinsons Symptoms. Retrieved from http//www.theparkinsonhub.com/your-quality-of-life/article/meditationmitigating-parkinsons-symptoms.html Costa, M. Quelhas, R. (2009). Anxiety, Depression, and Quality of Life in Parkinsons unhealthiness. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 2009 21413-419. Jar vis, C. (2012). Physical Examination wellness Assessment. St. Louis Elsevier Kegelmeyer, D., (July 1, 2013) Functional Limitation Reporting (FLR) Under Medicare Tests and Measures for High-Volume Conditions. Retrieved from http//www.ptnow.org/FunctionalLimitationReporting/TestsMeasures/Default.aspx Leopold N., Kagel M. (1997). Pharyngo-esophageal dysphagia in Parkinsons disease. Dysphagia 1997 121118 Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) (May, 2005) Hoehn and Yahr Staging of Parkinsons Disease, Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), and Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living. Massachusetts General Hospital. Retrieved March 2, 2014, from http//neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu/functional/pdstages.htmHoehnandYahr Okun, M. (2013). Parkinsons Treatment 10 Secrets to a Happier Life. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Michael S. Okun M.D. Parkinsons disease Foundation (2014, March) Understanding Parkinsons. Parkinsons Disease Foundation. Retrieved March 2, 2014, from http//www. pdf.org/en/understanding_pd University of Maryland Medical Center (2012, September) Parkinsons disease. University of Maryland Medical Center. Retrieved March 2, 2014, from http//umm.edu/health/medical/reports/articles/parkinsons-diseaseixzz2upFLCggw VanMeter, K. C., Hubert, R. J. (2014). Goulds Pathophysiology for the health Professions. St. Louis Elsevier.

Morality vs. Obedience Essay Example for Free

Morality vs. Obedience EssayBeliefs and knowledge be both dynamic concepts on all organizational levels of the human experience, from the individual to the global. Lets take for example the statement, The Earth is flat. Five hundred years ago, this statement was knowledge. Today, its knowledge that this statement is false. friendship changes based on the information and evidence available to us at any point in time. This is also true of beliefs but in a different way. When most of us were young, we believed in the Tooth Fairy. Why? Because someone told us she was real.However, this belief changed as we began to mature and rely more upon our own abilities to discern lawfulness from fiction. Thus, we perk up establi drop down that both knowledge and belief are subjective but for different reasons. Belief assumes no evidence, while knowledge requires evidence and/or experience. I would now like to make a comparative argument regarding godliness and obedience. Simply put, mor ality is doing whats right field, regardless of what anyone says and obedience is doing what your told, regardless of whats right. One can think of many examples regarding these concepts as they are defined but I will leave this to the readers imagination. There is a simple truth to defining obedience and morality in this manner that I find directly comparable to the examined quotation. Neither belief nor obedience require an individual or group to actively engage in an activity or thought process independently. There is no critical thinking mingled and one must put their faith in the rightness or truth of anothers belief, knowledge or otherwise. Both knowledge and morality require active engagement.One cannot possess knowledge without having evidence to back it up and one cannot act morally without understanding what it is that makes a situation right or wrong in their eyes. This is especially true when acting morally requires someone to go against social norms or established law s. The point of this paper is to shed light on the fact that we are all responsible for ourselves to the extent that we can be. No one person can know everything about everything, so belief and obedience are often useful and easy fallbacks. For example, I dont snowboard on black diamond slopes.This is not because I have knowledge of how hurt I will get but because I belief the sign posting and obediently board within my level to debar possible injury. However, in every end one makes there should be a component of knowledge and morality applied. In application to the snowboarding example, I know, from experience, that my snowboarding skills are not on par with a black diamond. I choose not to risk my health and the resources of first responders by making the moral decision to stay off of it, despite my desire to challenge myself.

Fedex and UPS Essay Example for Free

Fedex and UPS Essay1. Accounting TreatmentsCapital Lease -LesseeInitially, the lessee cuts the asset under his property, whole kit and boodle and equipment. The amount that should be debited is the Lower of assets fair value and present value of minimal need payments. The present value is determined by discounting minimum prosecute payments using divert rates implicit in the lease. Also, initial direct cost that the lessee incurs in relation to the lease is added to the cost of accepted asset. On the credit location of the entry should be lease liabilities, which is in fact, some kind of a loan. The lease liabilities should be split into cur have and dead liabilities as some payments atomic number 18 made within 12 months while others are made after 12 month of the composition date. Subsequently, there are two things we must take care of. First, we must depreciate the lease asset over the economic life, not over the lease term because that doesnt necessarily subscri be to be the same. The entry is to debit depreciation expense in profit or loss and credit the accumulated depreciation account. Secondly, we need to allocate the lease liability or minimum lease payments paid to the lessor into two parts reduction of lease liability and finance charge or spare-time natural process. IAS 17 requires the finance charge to be allocated so as to produce a constant weekly rate of interest (interest rate implicit in the lease) on the remaining balance mainsheet liability. (Refer to appendix A for journal entries Capital lease-LessorThe lessor is a finance provider, and therefore records lease receiv qualifieds as the debit side of the entry. The lease receivable is the net investment in the lease, which is the total of minimum lease payments and unguaranteed residual value. Total of these two figures is gross investment in the lease and we need to discount it to present value using discount rate implicit in the lease and all this must be commensurate to fair value of the asset plus initial direct cost. The credit side to this entry is simply cash given out by the lessor. Subsequently, we pretend to split minimum lease payments received from the lessee between reduction of finance lease receivable and finance income similar to what the lessee would do. (Finance income should reflect a constant periodic rate of return on the lessors netinvestment in the lease.) (Refer to appendix A for journal entries) Operating Lease-LesseeIn an operating lease, the lessee does not admit any asset. The lease payments are accept as rent expense in profit or loss on a straight-line basis. The journal entries would admit a debit to rent expense and credit to cash or accounts payable. (Refer to appendix A for journal entries) Operating -lessorLease payments received from the lessee are recognized as revenue in profit or loss on a straight-line basis. The lessor keeps the asset on his financial mastery and depreciates it in line with its rooted( p) asset be policy. (Refer to appendix A for journal entries) Advantages of Operating LeaseIn an operating lease, the lessee is considered to be renting the equipment and thus the lease payment is degrade as rental expense. No assets or liabilities are recorded on the balance sheet (Off-balance sheet financing). This is beneficial for companies because it will result in a disdain asset base, therefore creating a higher ROA. Operating lease will also display more desirable solvency affinityalitys such as lower debt to equity. This off balance sheet method of recording will also produce better debt covenant ratios for the attach to to show its debt lenders. Moreover, some companies associate instruction bonuses to certain ratios such as return on bang-up, which would be more optimal looking if recorded under operating lease. Another major public assistance of operating leases is the potential tax benefits. An operating lease may allow the company to deduct payments as operat ing expenses during the period in which they are paid. If the company purchases equipment, they may be able to deduct the interest, as well as the cost of the depreciation.2. Under current Financial Accounting Standards Board regulations, what business arrangements qualification FedEx have made in order to account for leases as operating leases instead than capital leases? An operating lease is usually coined as anything that is not assort as a finance lease.Factors that an operating lease may include are 1. If a lease does not signifi butt jointtly transfer all the risks and rewards, associated with ownership of an asset the lease 2. If the ownership of the asset is more likely to go back to lessor at the end of the term 3. The lessee does not have the option to profane the asset at a cost significantly below the fair value of the asset ie. a bargain price. The term of the lease is not a major part of the economic life of the lease item. IAS 17 does not explicitly say how muc h is a major portion however ASPE states that 75% and above is a major portion. 5. If there is little or no risk to the lessee all major risks are borne by the lessor. An example would be cancellation costs. 6. The undertake asset is of common nature not specialized and can only be used by the lessee. 7. The present value of the total amount of minimum lease payments do not equal or is close to the fair value of the asset leased. Other Additional Criteria can be8. Whether fluctuation in fair value at the end of the lease accrue to the lessor 9. If the lessee does not have the option to extend the lease for a secondary period at a below the market price Arrangements FedEx would have to make to disclose the operating lease would include disclosures about the outstanding payments left for non-cancellable operating leases for the season periods within one yearwithin two to five yearsafter more than five yearsthe total future minimum rent income for non-cancellable subleases the lease and sublease payments recognised in income for the period the contingent rent recognised as an expensethe general description of significant leasing arrangements, including contingent rent provisions, renewal or purchase options, and restrictions imposed on dividends, borrowings, or further leasing For operating leases, IAS 17 states that the total lease payments should be incurred as an expense and would look on the income statement regularly with the amount on a straight-line basis over the entire lease term. Any enticements that the lessee may have received from the lessor to enter into the lease arrangement, must also be divided on a straight line basis to offset therental expense.4. Lease Capitalization on Financial Variable and RatiosUnrecorded Lease Liability and Debt-to-Equity Ratio Based on the ratios and calculations performed there are many incentives for companies to report leases as operating leases rather than capitalize them. It can be concluded that the impact of l ease capitalization on the financial statements is far greater for FedEx than UPS, however both(prenominal) companies are reaping benefits from reporting leases as operating leases. Capitalizing leases requires that leases are recorded as assets and liabilities on the balance sheet. The Unrecorded Lease Liability is 98.41% of existing liabilities for FedEx and 8.27% for UPS. Thus, by not capitalizing leases, firms are able to decrease their liabilities and present a more lower debt/equity ratio.The Debt/Equity ratio gives stakeholders an indication of the capital structure of the firm. The ratio for FedEx moves from 0.97 to 2.70, which indicates a more leveraged capital structure. UPS ratio moves from 0.87 to 1.28. The capitalization of leases would not allow FedEx to maintain a debt-equity ratio below 1, which would change shareholders view on the financial flexibility of the firm.If FedEx wishes to maintain a relatively low debt-to-equity ratio on their financial statements it w ould be unfavourable to capitalize leases. Return on Asset The Return on Assets (ROA) is another key ratio that is affected when leases are capitalized due to the increase in assets that the company owns. When leases are capitalized there is a decrease in ROA for both FedEx and UPS by 1.69% and 0.32%, respectively. This is a relatively significant drop in efficiency and further motivates firms to record leases as operating leases. Interest Coverage Ratio The interest coverage ratio informs stakeholders of a companys ability to pay back their interest. There is a significant drop of 17.26 in FedExs interest-coverage ratio and a drop of 9.2 in UPSs interest coverage ratio. This means that a certain amount of profit is attributed to the fact that leases are not capitalized.In conclusion, it is clear from the variables and the ratios analyzed why companies prefer to record leases as operating leases rather than capitalize them. Operating leases are kept off the balance sheet and their m ain impact on the income statement is rent expense since the risks of ownership are not assumed. On the other hand, when leases are capitalized, the present value of payments including interest expense,is treated as a liability on the balance sheet. These two accounting methods result in ratios to be more favourable for the firm when leases are recorded as operating leases rather than financial leases. 5. New Exposure Draft A Contract-Based ApproachDevelopment of Contract-Based Approach Leasing is a critical activity in business as it is a means of gaining access to assets, obtaining finance and reducing an entitys exposure to the risks of asset ownership. Some key advantages of leasing assets rather than purchase assets are 100% financing, flexibility and the tax advantages. Therefore it is crucial that leases are appropriately accounted for and nature and duration of the lease agreement is considered. Current models require lessees and lessors to account for leases as either fina nce leases or operating leases. A recurring criticism of this approach is that lessees are not required to recognize assets and liabilities arising from operating leases. We can see the benefits of this in the financial statements and ratios of FedEx and UPS, as discussed above. In our opinion capitalizing leases provides stakeholders of a less aggressive view of a companys financial statements. The signalize based approach ensures that companies recognise the right to use an asset along with the contractual liability on its balance sheet. Recognition and Measurement (Lessee) IASB and FASB are proposing a new approach to lease accounting that ensures entities record assets and liabilities arising from a lease.With this new approach, a lessee would recognize assets and liabilities for leases with a maximum possible term of more than 12 months. Under this contract-based approach, the asset is taken on by the lessee as the right to use to asset and not the asset itself. This a key dif ference between the contract-based approach and finance leases. When the lease is acquired, the lessee would recognise a lease liability. This would refer to the obligation of the lessee to make recurring lease payments. Additionally, the lessee would recognize a right-of-use asset representing a lessees right to use the underlying asset for the lease term. The right-of-use asset would include the initial measurement of the lease liability, any lease payments made at or before commencement date and any initial direct costs incurred by the lessee. The proposal further categorizes the leases into Type A and Type B leases. Type A Lease Recognition Leased assets otherthan property (such as equipment and vehicles) would be classified as a Type A lease. However, if the avocation two conditions are met, the lease would be classified as a Type B if the lease term is an insignificant portion of the assets economic life and if the present value of the lease payments is insignificant relative to their fair value. Initial measurements for a Type A lease would include a right-of-use asset and a lease liability.The lease liability would be measured at the present value of the lease payments, measured at the rate supercharged by the lessor. If that rate cannot be immediately determined, the lessee uses the incremental borrowing rate. Subsequent measurements would recognize interest expense and the amortization of the right-of-use asset separately on the income statement and balance sheet. This would be accounted for separately from the amortization of the asset. Type B Lease Recognition Leased assets of property (such as land or a building) would be classified as Type B leases. Initial measurements would be parallel to the initial measurements of Type A assets. However, subsequent measurements would recognize a single lease cost. This cost would be a measurement of the interest expense as well as the amortization of the asset. This combined figure would be calculated on a straight-line basis. Effect on Existing Operating Lease Existing operating leases must be appropriately treated based on the accounting standards for leases.Leases that were antecedently reported as operating leases by lessees should be recognised using the new approach at the beginning of the earliest comparative period. The lessee should recognize the lease liability, which is the present value of the remaining lease payments. For Type A leases, a right-of-use asset is measured as a proportion of the lease liability. The proportion is based on the remaining lease term at the time of the earliest comparative period. Additionally, the right-of-use asset recorded should be adjusted for any previously recognised prepaid or accrued lease payments. On the other hand, for Type B leases, a right-of-use asset is measured at an amount that equals the lease liability. The asset is then adjusted for previously recognised prepaid or accrued lease payments.

Beijing 2008 Olympics Opening Ceremony

capital of personnel casualty China 2008 Olympics Opening ceremonyThe Olympic Games are wiz of the most important international feature outlets for most of the universe of discourse. The 2008 capital of Red China Olympics was especi every(prenominal)y one of particular focus and attention. China has long wished to show the world its greatness and, in June 2001, it fin both(prenominal)y got that chance. The Opening Ceremony as an event was the primary opportunity for China, besides the sporting events themselves, to demonstrate its power, wealth, and successfulness to the world through visual and artistic spectacle. It would likewise allow the world to observe and witness how far China has progressed, as a country, to becoming more open and willing to being a bigger part in the global community. Aspects of the Opening Ceremony whitethorn be divided into three main categories the Political, the Historical and Cultural, and the Ideals and overall Message.The concept of Unity is one of the main historic political ideas, presented throughout the Ceremony which may be first interpreted in the mass-scale performances. Syncopation was essential during the highly choreographed displays of drummers, martial artists, and actors and dancers in humongous systems. The floor of Unity has always been significant throughout Chinese history, since the unification of China under the first Emperor in 221 BCE. With rise and fall of subsequent dynasties, the prosperity of the land depended on that unity. The idea of Unity in the new era may be more clearly displayed by the 56 children carrying the national flag, change in costume, representing the 56 ethnic groups of modern China promoting China as a unified multi-ethnic, multi-cultural, nation. Chinas economic strength is implied by the ability to fund and conduct the large-scale use of fireworks, lighting, and man power in order to put on such a spectacular mega-event. The Opening Ceremony may also be considered to be a promotion of Chinese pride and nationalism. It not only promotes Beijing itself as a city, or as the Capital, but as the center of the great country of China as a while. This event is not only for China to impress all the foreign visitors, but may also prove to their own citizens, and to Chinese communities worldwide, how far theyve come. They have the chance to make the best impression possible on the world and to impress all with the speed and scope of Chinas development.The Historical and Cultural aspects played a major part in the Opening Ceremony through the presentation and celebration of antiquated Chinese culture. Chinese director Zhang Yimou was the creative mind behind the Ceremony. He is perhaps known to Westerners for his films Hero, House of Flying Daggers, and Curse of the Golden Flower. There is a strong focus on spectacle and aesthetic beauty, and artistic tradition and history of China, with the central theme of the four great Chinese inventions the first being fireworks. A brief film was shown during the ceremony, displaying the second of the four great inventions of paper making. The showing of the traditionalistic ink brush making was shown to segue way into the next performance, as a giant L.E.D. paper scroll was turn over out in the middle of the stadium. At the centre lay a canvas upon which dancers in black, with a sleeve dipped in ink, left trail marking as they moved on the paper creating a landscape of mountains, a river, and the sun. The look of it was in the style of traditional ink painting. Their dance was accompanied by the music of a Guqin, the ancient Chinese seven-stringed zither. It was a blending of brush painting, dance, and music, and the connection of all the fine arts as part of the same philosophical artistic process. In celebration of the Chinese language, of movable blocks were apply in a large formation to present three variations of the character for musical harmony another political ideal. The performance pays tribute to the third great invention of the movable type press. Meanwhile, hundreds of enclothe Han Dynasty feather-capped scholars, holding bamboo scrolls, sang out key excerpts from Analects of Confucius. Confucius was one of the most significant ancient philosophers that helped shape Chinese society, who still retains importance and influence in East Asia today. Other presentations artistic traditions of Beijing Opera and Puppetry were performed. A grounded map of the Ancient Silk Road was accompanied by Tang Dynasty dancers. The last of the great Chinese inventions, the compass, was held by the central actor in a performance presenting the voyages of Zheng He the Ming Dynasty eunuch who led seven great naval expeditions to explore the world from 1405 to 1433. both these represent Chinas glorious past. The following segment represented present day China, with a performance by pianist Lang Lang surrounded by luminescent performers who consistent themselves into the Dove of Peace. The Doves wings took flight as the performers moved. A young girl, suspended by wire, ran in mid-air while flying a kite. 2,008 of male performers, in white, took formation to display a mass performance of Tai Chi in fluid unison a martial art based on the principles of the Yin and Yang, and harmony with nature. The ink painted landscape returned for a group of schoolchildren to add their marks by colouring over it, while chanting poetry suggesting an environmental and young Olympics. The in the landscape was filled in with a smiley face. The accompanying light presentation showed bright coloured birds, flying into the sky possibly to further the thoughts of peace, or environmentalism. An astronaut, and a giant glowing ball representing Earth, came forth to represent modern, and possibly future, space exploration. The ball changed colour and glowed like a Chinese lantern, while acrobats tumbled rolled along its surface. Chinese and British singers, Li Huan and Sarah Brightm an, stood on top of the ball which reverted back to showing the Earth, and sang the 2008 Olympic theme song You and Me in both Mandarin and English. It was a song of friendship and peace. The 2,008 performers returned, with bearing parasols with images of the smiling children and fireworks in the shape of smiley faces were ignited. The Opening Ceremony was the event for Beijing to welcome the world. They were able to introduce, or share more of, Chinese culture and heritage to the world. It also showed a new sense of China, more built on unity, peace, harmony, and openness with the global community. These ideals were make clear throughout the Ceremony as part of the themes for the 2008 Olympics the slogan being One World, One Dream. China opening itself to the world is perceived in the Beijing Olympic Logo a stylized representation of the character of Jing, meaning capital. The character resembles a dancing figure with arms wide open, and Chinas invitation and welcome to the world. The Red in the emblem is the Chinese colour of good luck and fortune. The Mascots for the 2008 Games, called Fuwa, have five members Beibei, Jingjing, Huanhuan, Yingying, and Nini. Their designs were inspired by a fish, a giant panda, a flame, a Tibetan antelope, and a swallow each also representing one of the five Olympic rings. Put together, their names for a pun on the phrase Beijing huanying ni, meaning, Beijing welcomes you. The Olympic Committee also chose three specific themes to promote for 2008. The first was technological Olympics, as high-tech media broadcasting and promotion was important to a successful Olympics the 2008 Beijing Olympics being the first in history to be broadcasted in high-definition. The second theme was humanistic, and the original ideal that the Olympics is a cultural event for all people. It not only refers back to the contributions by Ancient Greece, but is also gives the Chinese people the opportunity to share their own 5000 years of traditional a nd modern culture. Harmony of humanity also includes harmony with nature, which leads to the final theme of a green Olympics. China worked hard to tackle this issue in training for the 2008 Olympics, to accommodate the arrival of so many foreign spectators and athletes to be able to attend and perform in an agreeable environment. While pollution as one of the main criticisms China faces today, it remains a problem in many other countries and was a question raised for many previous Olympic cities. The 2008 Games were used to continue to increase global awareness and the promotion of green consumption. The 2008 Beijing Olympics was the means for China to demonstrate its wealth and power to the world. It was through art and creativity, present by the Opening Ceremony, that China was able to celebrate and share its culture with the rest of the world while also supporting current day ideals of peace, harmony, progress, and environmentalism. It was a promotion of a new image of China as willing and ready to open itself to all, and to be accepted as among the worlds top respectable countries. Bibliographyhttp//en.beijing2008.cn/Gold, conjuration R. And Margaret M. Gold, Olympic Cities City Agendas, Planning and the Worlds Games, 1896-2012. London Routledge, 2007Fan, Hong, Duncan Mackay, and Karen Christensen. China Gold Chinas Quest for Global Power and Olympic Glory. Great Barrington Berkshire Publishing Group, 2008.

Impacts Of Cruise Tourism

Impacts Of Cruise TourismThis business report addresses the impacts of canvas touristry offered by royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. on the milieu and its related issues. It aims to attend the necessity of Ecotourism as a sustainable business for the caller.Although Royal Caribbean (the worlds second largest cruise with 23.8% of worlds market share) has contri provideded positively to regional process by diversification, creating job opportunity, earning foreign militia but it has diverse issues related to economic, socio cultural and the environs. barely the main focus impart be on environment which is strongly affected by the sum up in cruise lines and there is a need to protect the eco dodging.The issues of cruise tourism pertaining to the environment arises because of trio important reasons lack of proper waste management, selection of improper tourists destinations, and lastly because cruises doesnt restrict to the number of visitor carrying capacity of the tourism destin ations, resulting in site congestion, hookup of wastes, deterioration of archaeological and historical sites. Tourist destinations should be depicted object parks, flora and fauna instead of fragile destinations. Due to ocean contamination the companionship has to accept penalty which raises its expenses, incur losses and also social impact.Even if cruise tourism is the fastest growing business of the pass away industry however if the growth is not intentionned properly it may cause economic, environment and socio-cultural impacts on tourist destinations. Thus, the need for responsible tourism is highly recommended for the sustainability of the business, which can be achieved by ecotourism. Ecotourism is one form of tourism, which addresses the negative impacts associated with mass tourism through the implementation of sustainable practices. Its impacts and benefits are critically analysed and it was recommended for the confederacy to implement it.Necessity of Ecotourism as a sustainable measure for Royal Caribbean1. IntroductionRoyal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. is the worlds second largest cruise company founded in 1969 and it. The company is responsible for giving a new balance to the cruise industry transforming a simple ocean carrier service into a mega vacation option. It sails in more than 160 destinations with a variety of travel options. The two brands are Royal Caribbean International and Celebrity Cruises. It operates globally, however majority of its passengers are from North America. Main competitors are Carnival Corporation, NCL Corporation, and Star Cruises Ltd. (Royal Caribbean International, n.d.)The main butt of this report is to identify the issues, analyze the impacts of the issue on the sustainability, recommend a solution to fix the issue, find out its benefit, and its implementation by the company reservation it a sustainable business.The issues and challenges faced by Royal Caribbean cruises in terms of social, economical and envi ronmental factors are discussed in this report. The problem that was identified with the cruise tourism of RCCL was the improper waste management which make to ocean pollution thus affecting the marine as well as terrestrial environment. The poisonous anoint leakage from the vessels killed people and also had harmful effects causing deadly diseases. This impacted the environment as well as society. The economy of the company was negatively impacted because Royal Caribbean had to pay heavy penalty for polluting the environment. This raises the issue of sustainability because for the companys long term business, it is essential to pay off a balance between these three factors. Ecotourism is suggested as a tool for sustainability. However it is important to critically analyze the potential of ecotourism as a strategy for growing, evaluate the impacts and benefits of ecotourism, and the ways to improve ecotourism practices and policies for Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.2. IssuesWith t he increase in popularity of leisure tourism, the company focuses on providing adventure, relaxation and entertainment to passengers from across the globe and tourist destinations as a part of the cruise package deals. However it is also necessary to maintain the glory of such destinations as it is linked to the environmental performance and the future of tourism also depends on it. Marine aliveness should be protected which is the base of rapture industry. Cruises generate a high volume of wastes, pollutants into the pissing body which affects the marine environment. Royal Caribbean was found guilty of misappropriated waste-handling by disposing the toxic waste into the Alaskas Inland Passage waters thereby polluting the marine environment and for which it has to pay a fine of $18 M. But the company was convicted by the U.S Federal for 11 times in charge of ocean pollution. The $9M and $18M fines each were the highest record set for the largest pollution penalty for a cruise-s hip company (Fishman, 2000). These pollution scandals not further increased the expenses but also affected the companys gracious public image. The socio- cultural issue in Haiti has also put Royal Caribbean base a heavy media fire. The company brings the vacationers to a private resort maintained by it in Labadee, Haiti, which is 60 miles away from the earthquake-ravaged Port-au-Prince (Bennett, 2010). Ms. Martinez, Manager Corporate Communications said, the company is very sensitive to the idea of delivering a vacation experience so close to the epicentre of the earthquake, but given the financial and social challenges the country is right off facing, it needs the positive economic benefits Royal Caribbeans cruises provide. Despite Royal Caribbeans help to the Haiti relief effort, $1 M donation as relief fund, the company is aerated for bringing cruisers to this place. It is criticized saying that the cruise line should never have tried to mix its commerce and humanitarian effo rts in telling its side of the story (Bush, 2010).In a nutshell, the main issue figured out was cruise tourism which had the serious problems uniform lack of provision for waste disposal leading to environment and economic crisis, destination selection raising social issues. We bequeath further analyse the effects of cruise tourism in this report.Impacts of Cruise Tourism on the EnvironmentThe cruise tourism is likely to have effects on various aspects of the maritime and terrestrial environments. There is always a high first step of oil spills by the ships in the sea which is very difficult to clean up in the cold remote locations. The impact of vessel activity in the breeding ground and feeding areas of marine mammals risks the wild life and is an area of concern. Whereas the terrestrial environment is affected by the numerous passengers who often make shoot down visit to places of natural and historical interests as a part of their cruise holiday package, either by speed boat s, zodiac or helicopters thereby creating noise pollution and destroying the archaeological sites. Another potential threat is there to the flora and fauna of the place because these species have low tolerance capacity which leads to the destruction of the ecosystem. Not only this, there is a social and cultural disruption among indigenous people whose communities play host to cruise visitors on an increasingly regular basis.While cruise tourism has the potential to disrupt local communities it also has the capacity to enrich them. It can contribute positively to the economies of remote communities and also can be viewed as an environmentally sustainable option.Aspects of global environmental change with relevance to cruise tourismThe effects are on three sectors Infrastructure, Access, and Attractions. Cruise tourism increases the impolite water which leads to storm surges and shoreline erosions. This creates structural damage and raises construction and engineering problems. An e ffect on Access is because of declination in sea-ice extent causing extended shipping season and melting of glaciers also causes iceberg hazards. Effect on the attractions is because environmental changes alter local activity possibilities, changes scenic values locally and variations in ecosystem lead to alterations in distribution and abundance of existing animal species (Gissling Hall, 2005, p. 44).3. RecommendationsRoyal Caribbean should adapt Ecotourism business to address the sustainability dimensions which provide provide a diversity of economic benefits to the company, environment and the community. The benefits of implementing this sustainability practice will reduce operating costs, protect the brand image, provide credible marketing advantage, increase client base, and improve the business efficiency.It is recommended for Royal Caribbean to deter mass tourism because travelling in small groups helps to conserve energy and the waste needs of passengers are managed in a better way, thereby having low impact on the environment (Paul F. J. Eagles, 2002, p. 20). The travellers should be educated on practices obligingnessful to the local environment and the benefits of small-group responsible tourism. So limit in cruisers number will help to protect the local tourism infrastructure for future generations.Cruise destination should be selected wisely because travel to unspoiled virgin areas is harmful and may damage areas of the environment that are exceedingly rare and fragile. It should sail to constitution based places like national parks, areas of conservations where flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary attractions.Reduce, Reuse, reprocess should be the strategy for waste management. It should recycle all materials like glass, plastic, paper etc. Water bottles can be reused special processing of wastes such as toner cartridges, wooden pallets and cooking oil should be done by approved shore side vendors. The outstanding garbage can be reused in just rough countries as road fill, or can be treated as special waste for further processing or disposed of in a landfill. The unconsumed foodstuffs by the guests can be sent to the crew galleys remaining food scraps can be treated inside the vacuum system of the ship and can be discharged to the sea. Similarly water waste is filtered and purified into potable water.Tour can contribute financially toward the local economy and nature conservation (WTO UNEP, 2005, pp. 9-10). It should contact the local guides, local activity providers for the travel guide to the local places the cruisers can purchase from the local buyers thereby promoting the local business, visit the national parks.Support the integrity of local cultures by integrating tours within the cultural fabric of the sites. The passengers should be encouraged to stay in local hotels, visit places, and insert in activities that foster meaningful interactions with them. It helps in providing employment, encou rages cultural exchange and strengthening of intercultural understanding and tolerance for both guests and hosts.EcotourismMartha Honey defines as Travel to fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas that strive to be low impact and (usually) small scale. It helps educate the traveller, provides funds for conservation directly benefits the economic development and political empowerment of local communities, and fosters respect for different cultures and for human rights. (Honey, 1999, p. 25)Advantages of EcotourismIt can help in protecting the ecosystems, preserving natural areas and increase the tourism.Increase the awareness on environment educate people about the consequences of exploiting natural resources.Help in providing employment to the local and regional people, e.g. selling of handicrafts, local food items etc. this also creates some entrepreneurial skills (Leader-Williams, Hashimova, Guliyeva, 2004, p. 45).Increases foreign reserves of the region, enhances economic growth.Raises the warmth to multitude countrys political, environmental and social climateCultivate a feeling of pride and community through a revival or safeguarding of customary beliefs, practices and enriching techniques.Untouched destinations and natural activities may become a craze for tourists creating scope for ecotourism.Diversifying the tourism package into interesting events such as halt in country boats, trail walks etc. will help retaining the revenue generated with the local people and promote local economy.Figure 1 Sustainable Development triangle (World Conservation Union, 2003)Utilizing the above figure of sustainable development triangle we can say that ecotourism puts a balance between these three sides i.e. economy, environment, and the society. For the long term development of a company it is necessary to be sustainable Ecotourism will bring future and current benefits as well as work as a form of sustainable development. SWOT Analysis of Ecotourism can be refe rred in the Appendix attached at the last.4. ImplementationThe company should get the new criteria for selecting destinations in a cruise ship port of call from the tourism council. It should follow the guidelines on ecotourism destinations set by the Global Sustainable Tourism Council. After that a third party verification of its land excursions adhering to Global Sustainable Tourism Council-recognized standard by 2015 should be done. Once final GSTC Criteria for Destinations are in place, they will provide another standard by which Royal Caribbean can judge ports of call. (Wilkinson, Global Sustainable Tourism Council, 2012)Timeline An approval from the CEO has to be obtained and then the company should follow GSTC for obtaining the criteria. This process of implementation will take around 3 years which is the timeline.Instead of activities like snorkelling, scuba diving etc. which has impact on the marine life there can be other attractions like visiting conservation area, Planta tion house, lush forest trekking, catamaran ride to beaches where the guests can have beach barbeque. Maintaining the quality of these experiences means integrating the guidelines of sustainability, with the help of a GSTC consultant.Timeline There should be an approval received from the strategic planning department and It can be apply within 6 months from now.There should be proper waste disposal system in the cruises. Modern equipment like exhaust gas scrubbers should installed on smokestacks, superior wastewater purification should be on the vessels. RCCL can implement these systems on the newer ships as a measure to treat all kind of wastes like solid waste, water waste and air waste. It can also have highly developed systems like reverse Osmosis system that uses only 35 pct of the electricity consumed as compared to older units for converting sea water into drinkable ship water.Timeline Approval from the corporate governance department should be obtained and this can be imple mented within 6 months from now.In order to preserve the environment from dumping things overboard RCCL can initiate programs for educating the cruisers, travellers, crews for recycling all the wastes like aluminium canes, water bottles, food stuffs etc. It can also purchase more than one million pounds of recycled products each year. An approval from the CEO can be obtained for immediately implementing the plan and the sanction for purchasing recycled products can also be got from finance department.Timeline This can be implemented within 2 month.5. ConclusionEcotourism is a win-win solution for destinations where the conservation efforts for the environment are also associated with the livelihood opportunities of the local people. For ecotourism to be effective in its true sense there is a need to develop a proper ecotourism package which should be different from the existing mass tourism packages.Royal Caribbeans plan to implement Ecotourism as a sustainability measure is indeed a commendable decision. The companys initiative to sponsor programs such as setting new criteria for selecting holiday destinations, running programs like Save the Waves with mission as reduce, reuse, recycle will certainly help it for a long term development and overcome the challenges to sustain its business. Although RCCLs investment will be more on these sustainable measures but it will not have a negative impact on the environment, social image and the economy as well because there will be no threat for hefty fines for creating pollution.