Handling the Dilemma over Community vs Institutional Corrections Essay

It is the first day of break and Jimmy wants to have a good time with his friends. Long story short, Jimmy decided to drive home drunk and crashed into another car. The driver of the other car passed away.What kind of punishment should Jimmy receive? It seems fair for him to spend time in prison. Should he see probation after the jail time? How much? This scenario helps introduce the dilemma we have today as a society about institutional vs. community corrections. Punishment for crime has always been an issue for debate. With the growth of the American colonies, the colonists needed a system of punishment for lawbreakers. Many methods developed in Europe meant to bring shame to those offenders were adopted. Around this time, the world saw a change in punishment ideology; some began to stress that humans are not perfect and make mistakes. Thus, there should be more reform as well as punish. In 1682, William Penn made a push for change. He limited the death penalty to cases of murder only and called for fines and imprisonment for most offenses. This is widely considered the beginnings of the prison system in the U.S. He also helped start the creation of jails, like the High Street Jail. The first federal prisons were established in 1891. Before this date, prisons were organized by states and territories. The establishment of parole and probation, or community corrections, began in the 1870s. There has always been and most likely always will be a huge social dilemma on what types and to what extent punishment should be laid out. Both institutional and community corrections have their pros and cons. One thing is for certain, however, that we do need a mixture of both. The current prison system has a number of advantages. Incarceration keeps criminals away from the public theoretically making the public safer. Imprisonment also punishes the convicted criminal by taking away, in a sense, their life at least for a short period. This type of punishment should have the effect of deterring the offender from repeat crimes as well as others from committing crimes. Current prison systems are meant to be rehabilitative. Structure and discipline is provided by the prisons so as to educate and provide therapy for inmates. With the good also comes the bad. Housing a large population of criminals together can lead to networking and an anti-social encouragement to continue crime. Probably the biggest knock on imprisonment is that there is a huge cost associated with housing an inmate. The public and law-abiding citizens essentially pay for the living accommodations of a criminal. The financial toll hits those families directly associated with the criminal. It is harder for a family to get by if an income is removed. If a family ends up needing government aid, the public is again paying for that. It can also be said that prisons lack the necessary resources to properly rehabilitate and to address the issues of how they got to prison. One last disadvantage is that every prisoner is treated the same. A murderer would be treated the same as a thief. This may not necessarily be fair. Community-based corrections, on the other hand, also have a number of advantages. It is usually said that community corrections are practical and less expensive alternatives to imprisonment. Keeping an offender convicted of a minor crime in the community and out of a jail filled with hardened criminals would theoretically do a better job at rehabilitating the person and keep them functioning socially. Community corrections mainly offer the solution to the tendency of inmates to learn anti-social behaviors. Families will largely stay intact. Supervision and restrictions can help the person learn to be a more highly functioning member of society. Training programs and job placement work along these same lines. Community corrections may also have negative outcomes. For one, criminals will still be walking the streets. If an offender is set to live in a halfway house, the community around the house could become undesirable. Nearby residents may feel threatened. Community corrections are not totally free either. Systems like halfway houses do cost money, although the overall cost of community corrections is appealing in comparison to institutional corrections. Many believe that â€Å"prisonization is tantamount to socialization into a criminal culture. Therefore, being in a prison is thought equivalent to being in a school for crime (Tittle, 263).† Research has shown that inmates will often grow loyalty each other and can develop a hostility towards prison officials. The society in a prison is largely based on putting value in things not as valuable otherwise. The overall effect is not one conducive to rehabilitation into society. Some do say, however, that attitudes and behaviors such as this â€Å"become less salient as the time nears for return to the outside (Tittle, 264)† This ins ight can show how many might simply adapt to prison culture and can readjust once freed. Still, the risk of anti-socialization is there. The argument can be made that prisons are not the greatest device for rehabilitation but that community corrections are not currently adequate. A push for improvements is being made. Prohibitive costs of constructing and operating jails make it impossible to get out of this corrections crisis even if the public wants toughness on crime (Rosenthal, 1). Policymakers are making a push towards more effective transition and community supervision. One large problem with this changing corrections climate, is that rehabilitation is being overshadowed by protection of the public and promotion of justice (Rosenthal, 1). One last important point to make about a need for more effective community corrections is that there is an increase in the number of drug and alcohol abusers and prisons are not the best place for these offenders. Innovations have been made in community corrections such as intensive supervision probation/parole (ISP), home confinement with or without electronic monitoring, and residential options in community corrections. It is encouraging to see developments but the system in general is ineffective.†Unlike some countries, we have no national probation service to provide service uniformly across all parts of the country (Burrell, xv).† There are federal, state, county, and even municipal level providers. It is hard to be efficient and effective with such a non-standardized system. A Canadian study showed that â€Å"well-designed and well-implemented correctional treatment programs can produce significant reduction in recidivism (Burrell, xvii).† The overarching factor in the correctional dilemma is that we should attempt to do what is best for society. Justice does need to be served and prisons are a necessary evil, but not always best at rehabilitation. Without proper rehabilitation, we will see repeat offenders. Community corrections offer better opportunities at re-entry but, of course, this is not always feasible or fair. An often overlooked portion of this dilemma is the families. Not only will the criminal be a lost cause if rehabilitation is a failure but often the families may fall into a state of failure as well. A study shows that two thirds of family members of incarcerated persons see substantial financial decline, general health decline, and damage to relationships with children and other family members (Arditti, 199-200). This certainly is not beneficial for society. In my opinion, there is a trend to be seen in this correctional dilemma. This trend appears to be that the main issue is a lack of effectiveness in rehabilitation. It is also very clear that institutional corrections is not usually conducive to widespread rehabilitation. This lends the idea that community corrections and the community in general provide the real hope. We also now know that the community system is fragmented and decentralized and needs improvement. This is not to say that we need to completely stray away from prisons. Surely, that is out of the question. It is a necessary evil. To better society as a whole, community corrections need to be improved. I believe that we should move towards a system where only the most severe of offenders see true hard jail time. Further, a focus and monetary support should be put towards a unified community corrections system that is more apt at rehabilitating offenders. This is no small task. My opinions can be expounded upon as such: For all violent offenders and those committing crimes with wide-ranging effects should see times behind bars without question. Data shows that there are large numbers of non violent offenders behind bars. Being that it is extremely costly to house a prisoner it would be beneficial to attempt to cut down on non violent offenders behind bars. The push would then be to turn to more social and community based ways of punishment. It would seem that this would be more conducive of rehabilitation. This group of offenders having committed non violent crimes may have more hope of becoming productive members of society once again. There is a certain level of toleration to be had. We must understand that there will always be criminals and some will never be fixed. Further, any system will never work perfectly. In my opinion, though, it seems there needs to a slight shift in momentum towards community corrections for economic, societal, and rehabilitative reasons. Works Cited Arditti, Joyce A., Jennifer Lambert-Shute, and Karen Joest. â€Å"Saturday Morning at the Jail: Implications of Incarceration for Families and Children.† Family Relations 52.3 (2003): 195-204. JSTOR. Web. 26 Nov. 2012. This scholarly article was originally published in the journal, Family Relations. This article is meant to explore the implications of criminal sanction policies on the families of felony offenders. More specifically, the article focused on the social, health, and economic characteristics of parents and children to these offenders under incarceration. I found the article to be interesting and thorough overall, but much of it was more than what I needed for the purposes of this paper. Still, I found the article to be helpful in my research and proved to be useful for anecdotes. As such, this source was used mainly for supplemental information. Burrell, William D. â€Å"Community Corrections Management.† Civic Research Institute (n.d.): n. pag. JSTOR. Web. 26 Nov. 2012. This article is part of the Civic Research Institute. The article is intent on discussing the Community-Based Corrections System in general. The author takes the point of view that it is a decentralized and fragmented system. The article further discusses probation and parole along with developments in these areas. Finally, it explores the future of the system. I found the article to be helpful to my understanding of the community corrections system and to see where it might be heading. I used this article mainly for informational purposes and general understanding. Inciardi, James A. Criminal Justice. 8th ed. Orlando: Academic, 1984. Print. This source is the textbook for our Introduction to Criminal Justice course. It is meant to provide an overview of the structure, processes, and problems of the criminal justice system in the United States. The book provides lots of basic and some in depth information and accompanying support, data, and analysis. I find the book to be helpful and capable ox offering explanations easy to comprehend. I have used this book mainly as a guide and a source for general information on the topic and not for more in depth purposes. Rosenthal, C. S. â€Å"Opportunities in Community Corrections.† National Criminal Justice Reference Service. National Council on Crime and Delinquency, 1989. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. . This article published in the National Criminal Justice Reference Service is focused on why there would be community based corrections, what they are, how effective they have been, and what is the future looking like. Similar to another article I have cited, this scholarly journal article does a good job of painting the big picture of community corrections. I particularly liked how this article was thorough in starting off with the basics and going into developments and then finally int o some analysis. This proved to be a helpful article in the formation of my opinion. Tittle, Charles R. â€Å"Institutional Living and Rehabilitation.† Journal of Health & Social Behavior 13 (1972): 263-73. Web. 26 Nov. 2012. This source is an article published in the Journal of Health and Social Behavior on the topic of Institutional Corrections. The author of this article seeks to provide information and research on the extent to which incarceration is or can be rehabilitative. He finds and explains three characteristics thought to have anti-rehabilitative consequences. I found this journal article to be helpful at providing a detailed analysis of institutional corrections, both the presumed advantages and disadvantages. I used this mainly for more in depth conclusion drawing.

Coffee Shop Essay

The purpose of this marketing plan is to outline the complete marketing strategy, tactics, and programs for Dot. L Coffee (hereafter, â€Å"Dot. L†). Dot. L is a specialist Coffee Company that focuses on specialty coffee of Latte, coffee based products and foods as well. Dot. L is a new coffee shop in the river side district. Dot. L will be known for over 6 flavors of latte, coffee and coffee based products. In addition, light snacks and sandwiches will be offered to accompany the cappuccino and coffee based products. The cafe establishment will play modern music for ambiance and provide free wireless internet access for patrons to attract professionals in the nearby business areas. The mission of Dot. L is in the vanity of the city, Dot. L can bring you the ease of a precious. Dot. L will be unlike other cafes in that it will introduce customers to the different flavors of coffee and foods in a leisure non pressure environment. Furthermore, in a competitive market like Starbuck, Dot. L hopes to set itself apart by reaching out to those diversity flavors of latte without the high prices. The target market consists of two market segments: †¢ People who are deeply in love latte and people who hope have a relaxing time †¢ Business people from the downtown business centers and professional buildings Situation analysis is explored. This includes an overall marketing environment analysis for the company as well as more specific situation analysis such as competitor and customers action for the marketing analysis. An evaluation is conducted followed by an action plan outlining how to achieve the marketing objectives, which includes: promotion, price discounts, a bi-monthly newsletter, advertising in television and search for new channel partnerships. Company overview and the Mission Statement Dot. L will be a distinctive coffee shop which have own characteristics and culture that will serve the river side residential district. The coffee shop offers flavored latte and other coffee products, light snacks, foods and free wi-fi service for customer surfing on-line. The Dot. L primary place of operation will be located on the river side with nice view of Brisbane River. The business persons in the office building will add to the number of patrons and the circumstance their also can attract consumer to choose that place. There are plans to open additional locations after 3 years of operation. Dot. L will operate from Monday to Sunday. Monday thru Thursday, five employees will be working from 10 a. m. to 10 p. m. Friday and Saturday will work the same; however, three employees closing will work until 12 a. m. The cost for each full time labors might be 16 dollars per hour and the cost for part-time labors might be 9 dollars. The name of this coffee shop is Dot. L which means L refers to latte. Therefore latte as company core coffee products and latte art can be discovered in Dot. L. [pic] As stated in the company’s mission statement: Dot. L aims to be the cafe have own style and culture in Australia. In the vanity of the city, Dot. L can bring you the ease of a precious. Table of Contents Executive Summary2 Company overview and the Mission Statement3 Introduction6 Product Description6 Environmental Scan7 Economic environment7 Legal, political and regulatory environment8 Social and cultural environment8 Technological environment9 Competitor9 Market research10 Customers12 Marketing objectives and Market tactics12 Marketing objectives12 Product12 Price13 Place13 Promotion14 Marketing Tactics15 Market forecasting16 Action plans17 Financials18 Control20 Conclusion21 Reference list:22 Appendix 124 Introduction This marketing plan examines the steps required to reposition Dot. L cafe in the Australian marketplace. Dot. L is a cafe brand will locate on river side in Brisbane. Dot. L offers a variety of coffee, specialty coffee of Latte, coffee based products and foods. In addition, in order to attract consumers latte art also be adopted into the coffee products. Basically the price for the regularly coffee the price will not over four dollars. The cafe will focus on the business people and normally customers. Dot. L in Australia employ approximately 30 labors includes chiefs, shop assistant, shop keeper, senior manager. The Dot. L brand name comes from its core products will offer in the cafe that aim to: 1. Attract consumers 2. Build brand 3. Trade profit achieve about 8-10% The marketing plan followed by analysis the situation in marketplace, competitors analysis for the Dot. L entry into the market. Furthermore, market research and customers analysis will provide to assist the Dot. L to locates the market accurately. It also considers the market forecasting and financials for the three-year period. Product Description The Dot. L will offer many items that would have perfect taste. From traditional coffee to the light snacks and foods, Dot. L will offer something traditional and original for all tastes. Daily latte specials will be offered, featuring a different blend and flavor each day. The cafe specialty will prefer to European style design. The six different lattes are includes: cafe au lait; ghetto latte or bootleg lattes; hot or iced latte versions of chai, matcha, and Royal milk tea; red latte; latte macchiato and Caffe latte. Latte and Coffee will be sold in three sizes, with prices ranging from $2. 00 to $5. 00. Flavors will be available at an additional charge of $0. 50. Espresso, cappuccino, mocha, and other specialty drinks will be available in two sizes and will cost $3. 75 and $6. 50. Environmental Scan. Economic environment Robust business, consumer confidence and high export price for raw materials have fuelled the economy for 16 years. Australia has a strong economy with per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of $ 38,000(CIA, 2009), and GDP was estimated to be growing at 3. 8% annually (CIA, 2009). However, in 2008 with the impact of the global economic crisis, manufacturing output and employment started to falter, and the Australian economy headed into a severe slowdown (Jackson, 2008). Even through, in 2010 the economy has begun to turn for the better, the consumers’ purchase tendency is not recover. As both cause and effect, consumers cut back on spending, specifically on food, clothing, furniture, entertainment, cars and mobile phones (Uren, 2008). The economic conditions in Australia present opportunities and risk for Dot. L. The decrease in consumer spending will force cafe industry to seek specialist assist to retain customers and maintain sales. In the other hand, this will increase the demand for specialist service like Dot. L which can provide business men have plcae to release pressure. However, the reality of a downturn may cause retailers to cut back on all spending including on retail consulting and training services. Additionally some retailers are likely to go out of business. Legal, political and regulatory environment Small business branding through labeling and packaging conclusively builds company and product recognition. Positioning the unique product through private label aimed at the target market results in an effective, low cost marketing strategy. It is the solution to getting customers into the store and back again and again. In American, the government publishes a legislative memo of a cyber-cafe restriction in 2006 (New York Civil Liberties Union, 2006). The China government also publishes the same restrictions. Because most of the cafe will provide the service of internet, so, they should pay attention to theses legislative issue (Rodnin, 2005). Social and cultural environment According to Australian Coffee Traders Association, Annual General Meeting 2006 that pointed out overall speaking, the Australian coffee market is very competitive but consumers are brand-loyal (ACTA, 2008). Australia is a country of different immigrants, especially proud of a traditional strong coffee culture started by European immigrants(AusFoodNews,2010). The strong coffee culture of Australia has influenced growth in coffee shops, especially among the younger generation. Coffee drinking has become an integral part of the modern lifestyle. In Australia, the specialist coffee shops have become more than just a place to drink coffee. Increasingly, coffee shops serve as places to meet for business and pleasure – a location for peace and quiet away from home and office. ACTA (2008) stated that more than one billion cups of coffee are consumed in cafes, restaurants and other outlets each year, this is an increase of 65% over the last 10 years. The Coffee consumption of Australian per capita has doubled over the last 30 years (ACTA, 2008). According to a new report by Euromonitor International – â€Å"Consumer Foodservice in Australia†. (2004) the number of transactions through coffee shops grew by 7% and value sales grew by almost 29%. Technological environment Technological advances in Australia have resulted in an increase usage of the internet. This has resulted in all industry expanding into a new channel: offering services, marketing and selling products over the internet. For Dot. L, the cafe can take this advantage which is using intern as the company’s channel to promote the marketing. Competitor The popularity of franchising as a business opportunity in Australia has also had a significant impact on the number of chain specialist coffee shops, such as Gloria Jean’s, The Coffee Club, Zarrafa’s Coffee which expanded mainly through franchising (Market Research World, n. d. ). Euromonitor International’s research shows that the Gloria Jean’s chain had the largest increase in outlets in 2004, thereby boosting its market share from 28% in 2003 to 37% in 2004. Gloria Jean’s has already opened over 900 shops around the world, and 407 stores are established in Australia-wide. Therefore, Gloria Jean’s can be regarded as the most powerful competitor. The Coffee Club has expanded its business to overseas, including Beijing, Bangkok, Dubai and Thailand. It has had more than 200 stores across the whole world. Compared with these two brands Gloria Jean’s and The Coffee Club, Zarrafa’s Coffee is a young brand. The brand comes from Gold Coast, and it only has 14 years history. Zarrafa’s Coffee has 41 stores across South East Queensland. Consequently, Zarrafa’s Coffee can be thought as the least powerful competitor for Dot. L. According to the report, sales of hot drink products in Australia surpassed A$1350m in the year 2008 and is expected to be worth A$1473m in 2013, with the coffee category accounting for the largest share followed by tea (Trading Room, 2010). It can be assumed that more people might enter the cafe industry. Market research In this section is to present the research about the marketing research for the Dot. L Coffee. Since this is a brand, the main goal of the Dot. L Coffee is to establish brand awareness among the target audience, which is business people, and 94 percent of them are aged 25 to 40. In this research, it chooses 10 male and 10 female to do the interview. Figure 1: The Frequency of the respondents to have coffee [pic] Figure 2: The Buying Habits of the Respondents [pic] According to the figure 1 and 2, of the business people that polled, 70 percent said they have coffee every day. And a full 58 percent said they prefer to enjoy coffee in the cafe. Others will enjoy coffee in their office or at home, here, 52 percent of them will buy the coffee products in the coffee shop, and 47 percent of them prefer buy it form the supermarket. Figure 3: The Acceptable Price per Coffee of the Respondents [pic] 45 percent of the respondents said that they would like Latte, and both of respondents who prefer Espresso and Mocha are divine 15 percent, 25 percent of respondents choose Cappuccino. Referring to the figure 3, 70 percent of them represent the acceptable price per cup of coffee is $3-8 dollars, and below $3 dollars and above $8 dollars will share the same percentage of 15 percent. Take a look at this chart, the best media mix, then, would be a combination of TV and magazine advertisements. Both of TV and magazine were divine 30 percent of the total population. And 20 percent of people prefer print advertisement. To conclude, even though our target audience is clearly defined, introducing a new product is always a gamble. But with the proper media mix we can certainly lessen the chance of failure. Customers The primary target market for the Dot. L Coffee will be the local business people. The cafe will be a sit-down coffee shop with wi-fi connectivity. The cafe will serve a variety of flavored latte, coffee products, beverages, sandwiches, and treats to local customers. The target market consists of two market segments, that is people who are deeply in love latte and people who hope have a relaxing time; and business people from the downtown business centers and professional buildings. Marketing objectives and Market tactics Marketing objectives The purpose of this marketing plan is to launch a cafe with delicate bakery, and professional coffees and which will bring simple cozy and friendly atmosphere. Based on the product features and marketing 4P principles, the three years’ specific marketing plan will be given as the following to ensure objectives and expectations are met. Product First off all, the key customers are those people who fond into Latte which means the product image is designed as professional Latte maker with friendly, easy communicate, happy relationship atmosphere. In order to match the product concept: simple and cozy so that the color of the cafe should be designed as clean, comfortable. And the coffee cup and tableware would be designed to match the interior decoration as mildness and simple. The main special coffee is Latte. Meanwhile, espresso, cappuccino, mocha, and other specialty drinks will be available too. The latte flavors will include vanilla, chocolate, and caramel. This can be designed as the first year menu and in the following three years the product will be developed according to the market trend. Price The Dot. L cafe will specially offer delicate bakery with other beverages such as soda and juice. Coffee will be sold in three sizes, with prices ranging from $2. 00 to $5. 00. All prices take into consideration the cost of material, 25% for food and 45% for beverages. Espresso, cappuccino, mocha, and other specialty drinks will be available in two sizes and will cost $3. 75 and $6. 50. All different deserts will be sold by the slice such as cheesecake, chocolate cake, muffin, sandwich and cupcake. Prices range from $2. 75 to $8. 00. The frequent customer can join the membership and participate the buy 10 get one free activity. Place The cafe name Dot. L is from the coffee Latte which is combined with espresso and steamed milk. Hence, the image of the cafe will deliver simple and warm message to customers. The location of Dot. L will be choosing at Brisbane river side. The space will be designed with a glass room and interior will be more concise and mediterrane an style. The common area will have white coffee tables surrounded by plush chairs and sofas and allow customers to set up laptop and spread out paperwork. The walls will be painted into warm color to enhance the relax and friendly atmosphere. Promotion Besides, in order to develop the market and receive good reputation from the very first. The Dot. L Cafe will be promoted in a variety of ways. The annual budget allotment for advertising is $19,904 for the first year of operation. These monies will be distributed as follows: 1. Southern Star – Southern Star will be printed monthly showing the nightly specials. They will be distributed throughout the area on cars, handed out at the library, delivered to the local office buildings, and posted on street signs and other obvious places. 2. Radio – The cafe will run many radio spots on local radio stations. The ads will feature the daily coffee specials and will air during the morning and afternoon drive times to capitalize on drive-by traffic. 3. Entertainment – The Dot. L Cafe will feature local entertainment every other weekend. The entertainers will provide music, poetry, art, and dancing. These events will be promoted through additional print and radio spots. Besides, Dot. L will engage in promoting premium varieties of coffee by educating their customers about the different coffees that are available. This strategy would lead to increased sophistication among customers. 4. Web Presence – The Dot. L Cafe will promote the business and specials over the Internet through a website. The website will be updated monthly to advertise specials and product offerings. The Radio and newspaper advertisement could be launch at the first half year to attract more customers. Entertainment and web presence should be developed as long term promotion plan in the next three years. The Dot. L Cafe will promote itself to its new customers by offering discount memberships for frequent consumers. There will be buy 10 get one free card available for coffee. The remaining advertising budget will be used to print membership and frequent consumer cards. Serve the highest quality food and beverage and meanwhile maintain low cost of goods and inventory is one of the key objectives. Thus Logistics and distribution would be a crucial part as well. The fresh meats, cheeses, and vegetables will be purchased through good reputation food source distributors. The researching and negotiating of the best prices with distributors would be put into the project process too. Marketing Tactics To achieve the above marketing objectives, this plan considers the tactic through the marketing mix which includes product, promotion and pricing. Colour appeal, packaging and style are included in product section. As the before shown, the target market of the cafe is business people who works in downtown and modern buildings. These potential customers can be regarded as white collars and the middle class. They hold well-paid, and are to pursuit quality lifestyles. Based on these, the basic colour tone will be set as dark colour tone, such as brown and black. The logo of the cafe is to stress a simple but elegant style. Because Dot. L cafe is a new brand for customers, so the promotion strategy must be heavy to entice the brand trial. The advised promotion approaches are print ad, billboard ad and in-store promotions. Setting a billboard ad on the way to the city and riverside is strongly advised. The cafe locates on the riverside; for this reason, putting ad on ferry is recommended. The pricing objective is to appeal the people who take coffee daily. A regular size cafe au lait which is the main product is priced as $4. 50. The cafe can give 5% discount to people who hold senior card. Furthermore, a point card can be given in the store when customers are making purchase. The card allows that customers can get 1 free coffee after they buy 9 coffees. Market forecasting There are more than 100 cafes in Brisbane, and 17 cafes exist in Southbank where a part of riverside is. According to one market research (Weston 2010), more and more Australian have already totally accepted the coffee culture; in addition, they are very to enjoy this culture. Therefore, a big growth on takeout coffee is brought by this social change. As a matter of fact, the flourishing demand of coffee drinking directs to the blast of many specific coffee shops. According to another research, Australians prefer to coffee with milk rather than other styles. Datamonitor’s Market Data Analytic (MDA) database indicates that retail coffee sales in Australia gained around A$752m. The Australia coffee market is in the second place around the Asian Economic in 2008. Another research predicts that the total amount around A$473m of profit can be reached in 2013. All in all, it can be concluded that there is a huge potential in the cafe market. Action plans According to the planed given above the relevant GANTT chart will guide this project go smoothly complete on time. Figure 4: The Dot. L Project Schedule |Dot. L | |? |? | |Start-up Assets to Fund |$26,000 | |Total Funding Required |$88,290 | | | | |Total Assets |$26,000 | | | | |Liabilities and Capital | | |Liabilities | | |Total Liabilities |$33,290 | | | | |Capital | | |Planned Investment |$55,000 | |Loss at Start-up (Start-up Expenses) |($62,290) | |Total Capital |($7,290) | | | | |Total Capital and Liabilities |$26,000 |. 2. Break-even Analysis Break-even data is presented in the chart and table below. [pic] Figure 6: Break-even Analysis |Monthly Units Break-even |7,294 | |Monthly Revenue Break-even |$18,462 | |Assumptions: | | |Average Per-Unit Revenue |$2. 53 | |Average Per-Unit Variable Cost |$0. 63 | |Estimated Monthly Fixed Cost |$13,847 | 3. Projected Profit and Loss In the first year, the Dot. L Coffee will have sales of about $533,764 of operation. In year two and three the Dot. L will have sales increases of about 10%, resulting in sales of $576,551 and $622,575, respectively. Operating expenses are $304,136 for year one, $327,694 year two, and $353,326 year three. The results for the first three years of operation are net income of $36,521 for the first year, $42,356 for the second year, and $47,819 for year three. Control Dot. L will continually evaluate the marketing environment, particularly the economic environment, due to the economic downturn, and the competitive environment. Further, in relation to the specific tactics undertaken by Dot. L for the 36 month period, each will be assigned a person who will be responsible for the success of the tactic, as well as a specific final review date. |Tactic |Responsibility |Review date | |Promotions to focus on augmented product and core product |Marketing Manager |May 2010 | |benefits | | | |Determine price discounts and rollout strategy to clients | | | |Create newsletter and implement process for it to be |Management Team |Aug 2010 | |distributed monthly | | | |More Direct-response advertising in television |Marketing Manager |Sep 2010 | |Implement selling short-term modification recommendations | | | |Search for distributors with which to form channel |Sales Director |Jun 2011 | |partnerships |. | | |Expand business to more location |Marketing Manager |Mar 2012 | | | | | | |Channel Manager |Nov 2012 | | | | | | |Sales Director |Jan 2013 | Conclusion This report sets out the marketing plan for Dot. L in Australia. It was decided that, Dot. L aims to be the cafe have own style and culture in Australia. In the vanity of the city, Dot. L can bring you the ease of a precious. The marketing strategy was explored, including each of the marketing mix areas, and tactics were recommended relating to direct-response an promotions, price discounts, and find channel partnerships. It is believed that there is opportunity for Dot. L to built own brand culture and expand in cafe industry’s marketplace. It is, therefore, this marketing plan can assist Dot. L growth in the marketplace. Reference list: Acta (2008). AUSTRALIAN COFFEE STATS. Retrieved May 16, 2010 from http://www. acta. org. au/article. php? a=2 Hofmann (2008). Specialist coffee shops in Australia see vigorous expansion. Retrieved May 17, 2010 from http://www. franchiseek. com/Market_Trends_Coffee_Shops_Australia_0706. htm Jellie (2006). Coffee by numbers. Retrieved May 17, 2010 from: http://www. smh. com. au/news/good-living/coffee-by-numbers/2006/07/17/115298845 5398. html New York Civil Liberties Union(2006), Legislative Memo: Cyber-cafe Restrictions Retrieved May 17, 2010 from: http://www. nyclu. org/content/legislative-memo-cyber-caf%C3%A9-restrictions-2006 Rodnin(2007), Motherboard makers may be affected by Internet cafe restrictions in China, Retrieved May 17, 2010 from http://www. vaosoft. com/forum/index. php? showtopic=441&pid=612&mode=threaded&show=&st=0 Shaun Weston (2010). Australian love coffee. Retrieved May 15, 2010, from http://www. foodbev. com/report/australians-love-coffee Trading Room (2008). Australia a nation of coffee drinkers. Retrieved May 17, 2010 from http://www. tradingroom. com. au/apps/view_article. ac? articleId=1196615 Wong (2010). Aussie cafe culture accounts for ‘biggest growth in coffee’. Retrieved May 17, 2010 from http://www. ausfoodnews. com. au/2010/03/04/aussie-cafe-culture-accounts-for-biggest-growth-in-coffee. html Appendix 1 The Questionnaire of the Coffee Market. This is a marketing research of the style, habits and opinions of coffee in your everyday life. Section 1: Basic Personal Information 1. What is your gender? A Male B Female 2. What is your age? A 18-25 B 26-30 C 30-40 D Above 40 3. What is your Occupation? A Students B Business men C Employee D Others 4. Are you married or single? A Married B Single 5. What is your family’s size? A 1-2 person B 3-5 person C 6-8 person D Above 8 person Section 2: 6. Where can you get the information about coffee? A Internet B Magazine/ newspaper C TV D Print Advertisement E Others 7. Where are you usually buy the coffee product? A Supermarket B Internet C Coffee shop D Others 8. How offen do you drink coffee? A Every day B 3-4 times per week C Once a week D Never 9. Where do you usually drink coffee? A Cafe B At home C At office D At campus E Others 10. What kind of coffee would you like? A Latte B Espresso C Cappuccino D Mocha E Other specialty drinks 11. How much of a cup of coffee is acceptable for you? A $2-3 /cup B $3-5/cup C $5-8/cup D $8-10/cup E Above $10/cup Thank you for your participation!!!

Obesity in School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Obesity in School - Essay Example It causes high blood pressure, as well as high blood cholesterol levels and decreases the ability of the child to be able to come out of this trap. (Barness LA, Opitz JM, Gilbert-Barness E) A child may also be prone to breathing problems and this reduces his ability to be able to carry out any physical activity whatsoever. Various other problems that are associated with the risk of obesity are gout, cancer and gallbladder problems. A number of children have also been known to suffer from gall stones and osteoarthritis because it tends to weaken the bones due to accumulation of fat in the body. Thus, these aspects need to be looked into in order to let the child live a happy life and not let him be prone to such diseases in his future. So what is causing such alarming rate of obesity among school students in USA? More and more children are now prone to obesity and the problem never ceases to go down with time, with parents getting tensed and worried for their children and looking for solution which could cater to the problem in the most effective and efficient manner. To highlight the solution to the problem, one of the main acts which needs to be initiated by schools is to foster an exercise module which shall incorporate physical fitness among the students of the school inside the school premises at regular intervals and throughout the week so that the students do not fall prone to ill health during their academic calendar. One of the primary problems which exist in schools is the availability of vendor machines in schools which cater to the needs of the students at any time. The vending machines consist of low nutrient fast food which is easily consumable by the children. The vending machines have been selling high fatty foods and more than... This report approves that obesity is a very dangerous problem even though prima facie it might not appear to be so. This is because fat cells accumulate in the body of a child and when he or she grows older, they refuse to burn, causing the child other problems like heart diseases and various body problems. Teachers must talk to the children in school and explain to them the growing problem of obesity and how children must cooperate with them in order to work things out because after all it is for the good of children. This essay makes a conclusion that teachers can even ask the children for some solutions that they deem fit and would be willing to cooperate with. The above mentioned solutions to this problem are only a few suggestions which the school may incorporate within its daily routine. Parents also need to understand that since their child spends the maximum time at school; he or she needs to comply with the above mentioned in order to be fit. Eating healthy should become a daily part of every child’s living so that they are able to lead a proper lifestyle. All schools across the country need to introduce various activities and campaigns in order to fight this problem and help children to lead a fit and healthy lifestyle and prepare them for the future as well. Physical exercises and healthy eating are merely one part of taking care of obesity. The school can always think of more suggestions and implement them, with regard to having on campus health checkups and regular obesity fighting programs.

CNET article reviews and reflections. 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

CNET article reviews and reflections. 2 - Essay Example The performance of Microsoft was even worst in regards to items purchased per customer. Shoppers at the Microsoft store only bought 3.5 items per hour, while customers at the Apple store purchased 17.2 products per hour. One of the reasons for the big advantage in products sold was the sales Apple generated in the music player segment of the market. Apple sold during the time Monster performed its observation 11 iPods per hour. Microsoft did not sell a single Surface during the two hour observation period. One of the limitations of the study was the fact that Gene Monster performed the market research only at one store of each company. The results might have varied a lot at other establishments across America. The discussion of the performance of Microsoft and Apple during Black Friday was very interesting. I believe that the primary reason that Apple outperformed Microsoft is because Apple has a superior product line of electronic gadgets and products. Apple has been more effective at performing research and development to create products that the customers desire. The marketing efforts of Apple have also been more effective than Microsoft. For Microsoft to compete better with Apple the firm must create new innovative products. To improve innovation at Microsoft the firm must recruit young skilled professionals. The startup online company DogVacay is dedicated to matching people that need a dog sitter with people that are willing to take care of the dogs. The company launched its services in March of 2012. The firm has been able in eight months to sign up 8,000 hosts to its network. The rapid growth of the firm attracted venture capitalists. The CEO of the company just received a $6 million investment from Benchmark Capital. Benchmark Capital negotiated in the deal the inclusion of one of its partners, Bill Gurley, to be added to the board of directors of DogVacay. The initial funding of the company came from Science Inc. One of the reasons

Mangement of Budjet of San Antonio TX Case Study

Mangement of Budjet of San Antonio TX - Case Study Example Later on, many more industries have joined the city, strengthening its economic base. San Antonio has emerged as one of the most recession resistant cities in the US. The city is working towards strengthening its economy even more (Emily, 86). The main strategies being applied to achieve this are incentives to businesses and entrepreneurs to attract more investment into the city, expand the retail business, create new job opportunities and stimulate high economic development. This, the city does by incorporating these objectives in its budget. The economic management department is the body charged with the responsibility of overseeing the implementation of such objectives (Jones, 380). The Economic Management Department has made it easy for existing and even potential businesses to access fully fledged business services. This act as an incentive, to ensure that the entrepreneurs and the business feel appreciated and welcome in the city and their role in the economy of the city is being recognized. The department provides the businesses with professionals who assist them with issues to do with licensing, permits and other regulatory issues (Jones, 159). To the prospective entrepreneurs, the professional staffs provide initial business consultancy and counseling services. These services provided to the entrepreneurs include counseling services on the potential and available sources of capital, how to prepare and develop a business plan, forms of business organizations, information on government procurement as well as marketing strategies most applicable to the businesses they aspire to establish (Emily, 65). The incentives provided to business in this city are aimed at encouraging more business to establish here, motivate new companies to create employment opportunities and by extension, spur the economic prosperity of the city to greater heights. The

C-reactive protein as a novel biomarker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

C-reactive protein as a novel biomarker - Essay Example This process leads to the formation of foamy macrophages and atheromatous plaques and, finally, to atherothrombotic disease. Atherosclerosis is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Although measurement of lipid levels, stress testing, and coronary angiography are effective indicators of the extent and severity of the disease, circulating markers that could be easily and noninvasively measured would be powerful tools to diagnose, monitor, and intervene in this disease process. One promising marker is CRP, a major acute phase response protein synthesized in the liver in response to the elaboration of acute phase response cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) (figure 1). Other associated acute phase proteins include serum amyloid A protein, fibrinogen, and mannan-binding lectin. CRP is a member of the pentraxin protein family, which is so named because these proteins possess five identical subunits. CRP, which is elaborated dramatically during acute inflammation, augments the immune response to certain antigens, activates complement, and increases the monocytic production of tissue factors (1). CRP binds to phosphoryl choline on bacterial surfaces, acting as an opsonin and playing a pivotal role in host defense. Interestingly, CRP also appears to bind low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in vitro, which suggests a direct interaction with the atherogenic lipids (2). Why use CRP as an indicator Atherogenesis is initiated by endothelial injury, which is followed by activation of endothelial cells, up-regulation of cytokines and adhesion molecules (eg, soluble intercellular adhesion molecules, E-selectin), and migration of inflammatory cells into the subendothelium (see figure 1). In this scenario, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha stimulate CRP synthesis by inducing hepatic gene expression (3). Because atherosclerosis is now considered an inflammatory disease and an elevated level of CRP in

Meaning Of Socio-Cultural Factors Involved In Education Research Paper

Meaning Of Socio-Cultural Factors Involved In Education - Research Paper Example A test score that is two standard deviation from the mean implies a Z-score of -2.0 that is associated with -2.00. The numeral -2.00 follows through the intersection of the row of -2.0 in the z column and the column associated with .00 of the table. Following protocols followed for the table of the normal curve, the numerals mentioned earlier are associated with the value of 0.0228 that gives area under the normal curve. The area of normal curve 0.0228 is associated with the probability associated with the lowest scorer with the score associated with two standard deviations below the mean. This means that more precisely the student we are discussing belong to bottom 2.28% of the grade sevens, following the association of 0.0228 with 2.28%. Meanwhile, a score of 115 given of 100 and standard deviation of 15 implies a z value of 1.15 following standard transformation formation protocols. In turn, the z-score of 1.15 is associated with the area 0.8749 under the normal curve based on Tab le 1. The student we are discussing belong to the bottom 87.49% of the grade sevens. Described in another way, only 12.51% of the students of grade seven are ahead of our student. We can also say that our student belongs close to the top 13% of the grade sevens. If there are only 100-grade sevens, our student closely belongs to the best 13 students of the grade sevens. We can say that our student is one of the â€Å"laggards† with regard to performance in reading but one of the best with regard to performance in mathematics.

Management Thoery and Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management Thoery and Practice - Essay Example Although theories of Weber and Taylor are slightly dated today, they still offer a beneficial perspective. To Weber’s perspective, society, and also the workplace, is something that arises out of a state of chaos, so people want to make order out of chaos and make a workplace as real and rational as possible for them, and often this is in the form of the modern bureaucracy as Weber saw it. All industries have some degree of bureaucracy, and the beauty and hair salon industry is no different. Weber thought that people should look to the past and look at bureaucracies and also how they relate to the present situation, and we can still do this today. Weber also believed in the ideal type of the bureaucracy, or the optimal ideal. The ideal represents the idea, and the actual is represented by how things really are. There are possible problems in the situation because ideal types often do not live up to the real situation. Weber believed that focusing on the bureaucracy would yield positive results that could be construed in the value-neutral position of the bureaucracy. This led to his formulation of the ideal type methodology, which later functionalists would see as an automatic pattern of stability to be looked for in a societal context. Weber saw that the object of science was to make subjective observations of the bureaucracy’s function and look at these observations along methodological lines. Other early bureaucratic theories like those of Taylor stressed the presence of an ideal condition where complex tasks were simplified, so Taylor borrowed these notions and thought about how absolute standards could be put upon the subjectivity and reality observed by social science. â€Å"Taylors strongest positive legacy was the concept of breaking a complex task down in to a number of small subtasks, and optimizing the performance of the subtasks. This positive legacy leads to the stop-watch

Figures of speech Essay Example for Free

Figures of speech Essay * Why are figures of speech important? * How can figures of speech add more meaning to poetry? Objectives: * Compile figures of speech found in songs * Decode the figures of speech used in the compiled songs 1. â€Å"Why does love always feel like a battlefield, a battlefield† (Battlefield by Jordin Sparks) – Simile. The song compares love to a battlefield because love means sacrifice and compromise, just like when you’re in a battlefield. 2. â€Å"Shot me out of the sky, you’re my kryptonite† (One Thing by One Direction) – Metaphor. This song directly compares you and kryptonite which means you are compared to his/her weakness. 3. â€Å"Cause Id get a thousand hugs from ten thousand lightning bugs as they tried to teach me how to dance† ( Fireflies by Owl City† – Personification. In this song, the ten thousand lightning bugs has human like characteristics which is that they were trying to teach him how to dance. 4. â€Å"Dear John, I see it all now that you’re gone, don’t you think I was too young to be messed with?† (Dear John by Taylor Swift) – Apostrophe. Taylor Swift is addressing â€Å"John† who is gone or who is absent. 5. â€Å"I know how to laugh but I dont know happiness (Love Tried to Welcome Me by Madonna) Irony. Because when you laugh, it means that you are happy but even though she knows how to laugh, she isn’t happy. 6. â€Å"Who would have known how bittersweet this would taste?† (Someone Like You by Adele)- Oxymoron. This is an oxymoron because bitter and sweet are two opposite words though they are in one statement. 7. â€Å"Before the door’s closed and it comes to an end† (Keep Holding On by Avril Lavigne) – Metonymy. This line of the song is metonymy because the word â€Å"door† substitutes the idea of â€Å"an opportunity†. 8. â€Å"‘Cause you know I’d walk a thousand miles, if I could just see you tonight† (A Thousand Miles by Vanessa Carlton)- Hyperbole. This is a hyperbole because this statement was exaggerated. Nobody could walk a  thousand miles. 9. â€Å"Whatever happened to Amelia Earhart? Who holds the stars up in the sky? (Someday We’ll Know by New Radicals) – Allusion. The song refers to Amelia Earhart who is a historical character. She was the first aviatrix to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. 10. â€Å"You’re the devil in disguise† (Walk Like An Angel by Elvis Presley) – Metaphor. It is a metaphor because the singer is directly comparing â€Å"you† to the devil. 11. â€Å"You and I go hard at each other like we’re going at war† (One More Night by Maroon 5) Simile. It is a simile because the song compares that they’re going hard at each other with going at a war 12. â€Å"I have died everyday waiting for you† (A Thousand Years by Christina Perri†) – Hyperbole. Because it’s exaggerated. Nobody could actually die just waiting for a person and nobody could die every day. 13. â€Å"Forgive him when his tongue lies through his brain, even after three times he betrays me† (Judas by Lady Gaga) – Allusion. In this song, they are referring to Judas Iscariot from the bible, because like what is stated in the song, Judas Iscariot was the one who betrayed Jesus. 14. â€Å"And you shouldnt have to be alone, I would rather be alone together â€Å"(Alone Together by Daley) – Oxymoron. This is an oxymoron because alone and together is opposites yet they are joined in one statement.

Psychological Disorders Essay Example for Free

Psychological Disorders Essay 1. Does Katherine’s description meet the clinical criteria for a panic attack? Substantiate your  answer. A panic attack is described as an unexpected period wherein the person suffers intense fear that occurs without warning or any reason.   It is characterized by shortness of breath, palpitations, chest discomfort, trembling, choking feeling, intense sweating, nausea, dizziness, feelings of being detached from oneself, fear of going crazy, dying fears, numbness, and cold or hot flashes.   For an episode to be considered a panic attack, the person has to meet four of the symptoms.    In Katherines case, she described four of the symptoms to having a panic attack.   She said that she felt dizzy, had difficulty breathing, was feeling nauseous, and felt like she was detached from herself.   From this, I believe Katherine had a panic attack. 2. Does Katherine meet the criteria for a dissociative disorder? Explain. Dissociative disorders are related to anxiety disorders in the sense that they are also reactions to stress and anxiety factors.   A dissociative person often exhibits changes or losses in consciousness, memory, identity or environmental perception.   In this case, the anxiety factor is clearly the visit to the parents house.   For some unknown reason, the visit awakened buried memories.   Although Katherine did not exhibit memory loss or shift, she experienced a change of perception in her environment. Based on how Katherine described her symptoms, I believe shes suffering from a dissociative disorder.   Although Katherine does not display the usual memory loss and split  personality symptoms typical of dissociative disorders, she has, however, described that she felt  separated from her physical self, like she was outside looking in.   She said that even if she was aware of driving the car, Katherine also felt like a different being who was just looking at another being driving the car.   This seems to be a case of Depersonalization disorder. 3. What other disorders does Katherine appear to have? Analyze. Its not clear whether Katherine was abused at a young age.   But based from the way Katherine pictured her father coming up from behind her to assault her, it would seem that a similar event had occurred to her in the past.   Either her father did the same to her as a child, or a man who resembles her father or has qualities similar to her father had done the same to her.   As a result Katherine developed an acute stress disorder long after the traumatic event occurred. She went into panic on her way to her parents house.   Apparently, the drive to her parents triggered unpleasant feelings.   Perhaps the assault on her person happened in her parents house or in the nearby vicinity.   Her avoidance of her parents, her admission of feeling estranged from them, and not letting them know about her plans support this assumption.   Katherine uses avoidance to keep the panic attack at bay.   Her avoidance is typical of others who are suffering from acute stress disorder.   Katherines troubled sleep, irritability, and nightmares are the result of a traumatic event that she probably has buried in her consciousness.

Background Of Company: Telekom

Background Of Company: Telekom Introduction In economic field, there are many types of market structure. The common market structures that we all knew are perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic and also oligopoly. In this assignment, we will put priority on monopoly and perfect competition. As we all knew that, monopoly is a situation where there is one seller which the firm is the industry and many buyers in the market whereas monopolistic is a type of market structure where a large number of firms produce close but not perfect substitute product. In this assignment, our group has chosen Telekom Malaysia as the example of company that practices monopoly structure. Throughout this group assignment, we managed to found a lot of information about Telekom Malaysia. The information are shown below : Background of Company (Telekom) Telekom Malaysia BHD (TM) is the first telecommunication monopoly company in the country that still remains top telecom group and a fast-growing international player in the Asian region. The company continues to control the fixed-line telecom market with more than 4.6 million access lines. In addition to the fixed-line business, TM is one Malaysias leading cellular telephone provider and leading Internet provider, TMNet, which is also the sole broadband provider in the country. In addition to their operation in Malaysia, TM has developed a network subsidiaries and investments internationally with the focus on Asian region. In 2005, the company is listed on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. Characteristic In monopoly, there are many characteristic. One of the characteristic is that there are no competition between the companies as it is only seller in the market. Telekom Malaysia is the largest telecommunication company in Malaysia. It has a monopoly on the fixed line network. Besides that, there are many buyers in the market. Since Telekom Malaysia was build, many citizens in Malaysia started to use their services. It also has a considerable market share of the mobile communications market after acquisition of Celcom and TM Touch. Not only have that, Telekom Malaysia right now also offered narrowband and broadband connectivity which is now the DSL broadband provider in the industry. Thirdly, the characteristic of monopoly is that the firm enjoys abnormal profits. Because there are no other competitors, the firm has the power to monopolies the price of their goods and services. In this matter, the consumer have no other choice, so they will either choose or leave the product. The last characteristic of monopoly is barriers to entry which the firm will reduce the ability of new firms to enter the market and compete. Advantages and Disadvantages between Monopoly and Perfect Competition There are some advantages and disadvantages of monopoly. Firstly, the advantage is monopoly has only one firm and the market is the price maker. Hence, the price of the goods and services will be stable. Secondly, due to the absence of the competition, monopoly firm can receive the maximum profits from their sales. On the other hand, the first disadvantage is a high price of a low quality good and service may be charged on the consumer. Secondly, because of no competition may lead to low quality and outdated good and service. There are also some advantages and disadvantages of perfect competition. The first advantage is due to the presence of the competition, consumers can get a lower price of the goods and services. This is because all the firms produce identical products and the firms are price taker. Secondly, in the perfect competition, the firms must compete to each other to increase their sales. Because of this situation, it will encourage each firms efficiency and it will also encourage faster economic growth. However, perfect competition has disadvantages too. Firstly, unequally of the distribution of the goods and services because of the allocation of resources is determined by the distribution of income. Secondly, externalities are ignored. For example, when there are external benefits, too little goods are produced and when there are external costs, too much goods are produced. Comparison between Monopoly and Perfect Competition In the perfect competition, there are a large number of buyers and sellers in the market competing with each other. The price fixed by the industry is accepted by all the firms operating in the market. While in the monopoly, there is only one single seller but a large number of buyers. Hence, the firms are price maker and they all decide the prices. Besides that, a perfectly competitive firm makes only normal profit in the long run. This is because there is freedom of entry and exit. But under monopoly, the firm continues earning profits even in the long run since there are strong barriers to the entry of new firms in the monopolistic industry. Conclusion In a nutshell, throughout this assignment, we are able to learn more about monopoly and monopolistic market structure. Apart from that, our group members and I also learnt that we have to work together effectively and efficiently to make sure our task get done well. Although we faced some challenges and difficulties when doing this assignment, but we still make through it with everyones collaboration. Besides that, we have also learnt about the specialty of monopoly and monopolistic market structure in economics view. Therefore, we can apply it during class as we have already learnt deeper on them. Lastly, economics is important because it can be used in our daily life no matter for the present or in the future.

Murphys Law :: essays research papers

It is a quiet, Saturday afternoon, and the overcast humidity of the air gives me an obscene sense of nonchalance. Time in hand, I peruse a ‘Survival Handbook’, a sort of â€Å"Pessimist’s Guide to the World†. It was given to me as a Christmas present, and its perverse implication of Murphy’s Law amuses me. I would assume that its pleasant uselessness would appeal to all who share my insatiable appetite for superfluous information. A smile creeps onto my face as I remember the one objective truth about this world: â€Å"Anything that can go wrong, will†. I stop to ponder a hypothetical scenario in which I might need to know â€Å"How to win a sword fight† or â€Å"How to leap from a burning car†. Further indulging my pessimism, I begin to fantasise†¦ I am siting comfortably in the first class compartment of a train from Paris to Munich, quietly minding my own business, sipping coffee from a china mug and reading my Pessimists Handbook, when the door at the end of the carriage opens. In walks a decrepit looking old man dressed in tattered rags, giving him the appearance of Fagan from Oliver Twist. Unlike Fagan on the other hand, he sports a gleaming new assault rifle and is draped in chains of ammunition. This, I realise, gives him more of a â€Å"Rambo meets Hunchback of Notre Dame† appearance. After a little deliberation, I notice that this is somewhat out of place in my train carriage, which to my perplexed bemusement, is becoming littered with bullet holes. Caring not at this time to ponder the philosophical implications of this seemingly random outburst of post-teenage angst, I am more worried about the looming possibility of ending unfashionably dead. Remembering my survival handbook, I â€Å"run fast but do not move in a straight line† and â€Å"weave back and forth†. Coming to the opposite end of the carriage, I slide open the door, and â€Å"turn a corner as quickly as I can† which leaves me but one option; to climb the ladder leading onto the top of the carriage. Having previously read the chapter entitled â€Å"How to Maneuver on Top of a Moving Train†, I am fortunately informed that I should â€Å"not attempt to stand up straight†¦ stay bent slightly forward, leaning into the wind†. As I â€Å"move my body with the rhythm of the train – from side to side and forward†, I remember my feet should be â€Å"spread about 30 inches apart†, and that I should â€Å"wobble from side to side† as I move forward.

Jen Lopez :: essays research papers

Jennifer Lopez was born in the Bronx, New York on July 24, 1970. She was born in the United States to Puerto Rican Parents, Jennifer considers herself to be a Puerto Rican and she is very proud of her Hispanic heritage and culture. Her father is David Lopez, a computer specialist, and her mother Guadalupe Lopez, a Kindergarten teacher. Her parents recognized Jennifer’s talent and enthusiasm for performing and at the age of five the enrolled her in dance classes. Her mother said â€Å"Jennifer always loved to sing, but she was also a great actress and knew that she would have a bright future ahead of her.† With the support of her parents Jennifer grew up to be a very sensible girl, who is still very close to her family. When Jennifer earned her million-dollar paycheck for playing the role in the movie Selena, she bought her mom a Cadillac. Even though they saw Jennifer’s talent at the age of five, their relationship was not always understandable. Jennifer made a m ajor decision and that was not to go to College. That decision was very disappointing to her parents who wanted her to go to law school. Her parents supported her pursuit of a career in show business, they did not wanted to be in the expense of her education. When Jennifer told her parents that she was not going to College and law school, they thought it was really stupid to go off and try to be a movie star. Her parents who at that time could not understand the choices she made are very happy for their daughter and what she has accomplish. When she left her home at the middle of a fight and never went back. She said,† I had to make my own way† and then lived in a Manhattan dance studio where she was training. Then she got an apartment with some friends in Manhattan Hell’s Kitchen. Since the time she move out of her home she started her showbiz career as a dancer in stage musicals and most notably in her tour to Golden musicals of Broadway and in a Japanese tour. Then she audition to be a fly girl in Fox’s hit comedy â€Å"In living Colors,† she beat out 2,000 other contenders in a nation wide competition. Then she cracked into Hollywood and she wanted to make a transition to acting, but she followed Color producer Keenan Ivory Wayans advice to stay with the show for a while before making any attempt to move on.

Emily Dickinson Poetry

American poet of exclusion, whose writing consists of passionate and emotional eccentric meanings with much complexity. Her poems interpret her relationship with society, where she struggles to maintain her independence and needs to isolate from society to maintain this. Dickinson use of structure, syntax and rhyme are complex and do not conform to the norms of poetic structure, which Is a parallel to Email's peculiar lifestyle. Dickinson poem ‘A prison gets to be a friend' explores her complicated understanding of limitation and freedom, reflecting her self-imposed isolation, wrought a male persona.A prison symbolizes confinement however, this limitation provides freedom for Dickinson persona which Is depicted In the opening line of the poem. The narrator explains her contentment with isolation when she says that a prison â€Å"gets to be a friend†. This use of personification establishes the idea that the persona feels comfortable in their confinement, as if it were a friend. This signifies how Emily enjoys seclusion and has chosen a prison to be her refuge. In the following stanza, Emily shows appreciation of her confinement through, â€Å"the appointed Beam† which symbolizes something that provides the persona with support and structure.She uses symbolism of food in the second stanza when she writes â€Å"It deals us- stated as our food† to represent how the persona not only hungers, but depends on the self- imposed isolation. Dickinson uses juxtaposition to explain the seclusion of a prison by saying â€Å"so miserable a sound-at first- nor ever now-so sweet', describing a prison as both miserable and sweet. This implies that although isolation may seem miserable at first, the privacy and exclusion will eventually grow on you and you begin to appreciate It.The reoccurring metaphor of a prison being the persona's room is explored when she says ‘A geometric Joy', which suggests that the square shape of a room and its limited circuit brings contentment and comfort to the persona. In the fourth and fifth stanza, the Idea that the prison and the key are an Illusion Is acknowledged when Emily uses the word ‘Phantasm' proving to the audience that in actuality Dickinson has created this way of life and is satisfied with the privacy it provides. In the final stanza, Dickinson imply that freedom can only be redeemed after life when she writes ‘Too wide for any Night but Heaven'.This suggests that you can't experience freedom until after life. And until then the persona's self created prison is the only sense of freedom they can gain. With the use of language and structure used through Emily poetry her understanding of life Is clearly depicted as unique, as Dickinson recognizes the way in which she finds contentment Is of a depressing nature In comparison to the way others gain happiness. From this poem the audience may come to the conclusion that the persona's view on confinement is an expression o f Dickinson understanding of freedom and limitation throughout life.The poem ‘l had been hungry should be read metaphorically. As standing for the speakers desire for what she lacks and what others possess. Emily reflects on her 1 OFF one, Emily writes † I had been hungry all the years† displaying through the use of a sustained metaphor of ‘hunger' that Emily had been lacking something all her life. This statement is written in past tense implying to the reader that Dickinson has now found or come to a conclusion about her desire for what she believed she was lacking.Dickinson is using the word ‘curious' to describe the wine, which represents re connection with people and their way of life which to her is difficult to understand where as to most it would be normal. Emily lack of indulgence in human connection is depicted in the second stanza when she couples the word ‘hungry with the word ‘home' displaying that to Dickinson it was normal not to have that emotional connection. In stanza two, Emily uses the window to symbolism the barrier between the persona and the world they want to inhabit, insinuating that Emily does not belong.In the following stanza, Dickinson uses Juxtaposition of a crumb to bread to highlight how different her world and the real world are. This is also a metaphor to represent her life and how she doesn't believe she has experienced the fullness of life's potential experiences yet. Stanza four begins with ‘plenty hurt me' as a metaphor for the negative impact that was created by these new experiences her persona had faced. Emily writing ‘myself felt ill and odd' outlines that once passion and love were obtained she couldn't cope with having it and felt uncomfortable.What she believed she desired she later discovered it was not what she wanted and was too much for her to handle. This made Emily feel alienated and spliced which is further implied when she says in the fourth stanza Ã¢â‚¬Ë œ as a berry of a mountain bush transplanted to the road'. This simile expresses to the reader that although Emily chose this lifestyle for herself she understood it was not following the norms of society and made her a person of difference resulting in the experience of alienation and displacement.Throughout this poem Emily sustained metaphor of hunger allowed the audience to realize, by stanza 5, that she is defined by hunger when she says ‘ so I found that hunger was a way, which she clearly chose. The last nine ‘entering takes away is a paradox which explains how experiencing the different ways of life has changed her and made her more confident in her purposely excluded way of living. Dickinson understand of disappointment in life is explored through the belief that we may often covet something which, once we receive it, disappoints us.This is what happened to Emily once she obtained passion and romance she realized it doesn't create fulfillment, however her unusual lifestyle is what brings the most satisfaction to her. Emily Dickinson conveys her understanding of immortality that is achieved through he written word in her poem â€Å"A word dropped careless on a page†. Dickinson use of syntax on the word ‘careless' in the first sentence puts emphasis the affect of the incorrect grammar of one word. This can reflect to a humans life and the choices they make, although being a small mistake it could have a large impact.Emily follows this with imagery of words being ‘dropped' on a page to hold a metaphor for a human life and display how fragile a life can be, and how the way in which that life is lived could encourage good or bad situations. In the first stanza the use of the word perpetual is laced ironically as it is followed by an abrupt stop. This enjambment highlights the choices can have an impact that will last forever. The second stanza is started with visual imagery of disease â€Å"infection†.This illness is a sustained metaphor within the poem, as she defines the infection as ‘malaria', which will not disappear Just like the written word will not disappear. The existence of the written word is exaggerated with the characteristics of being immortal, in the second stanza and the use of a hyperbola enforces a long existence to words when Emily writes † A distance of centuries†. Therefore, Emily understanding of immortality is greatly influenced by the written word and how she considers that perhaps her writing may have an impact after she is gone.These poems with themes of immortality, disappointment and freedom complement each other to help portray how Dickinson represents complex ideas of understanding life through her poetry. Although most may see a lack of human connection as a sad, unsatisfying lifestyle, we as her audience must accept that this is Emily Dickinson chosen path for her unique way of gaining contentment, dealing with society and maintaining her independe nce.

Describe the Expectedm Pattern of Children and Young People’s Development from Bith to 19 Years Essay

From their first year babies will start to have more control – hold their head, roll over, sit up unaided, hold a rattle, put everything into their mouths and start to crawl. During their second year development and growth continues and most start to walk. They learn to control their movements and grab objects and food and start to play with toys. They will start to climb and learn to judge distances. Towards their third year, children will have lots more control as their muscles develop and their confidence grows. Feeding themselves, using a cup and showing an interest in dressing themselves, also able to grip pencils and turn pages in a book. | Babies from birth cry to communicate and react this way to sounds. They then begin to turn their heads in the direction of sounds and use their eyes to follow others. As babies develop they enjoy attention and learn to make noises other than crying and will start to laugh. By the age of one, most understand simple words like no and yes and their own name. They will start to follow simple instructions. Between one and two years children start to pronounce words and this will then start to increase rapidly. They watch everything going on around them and recognise people. Between two to three years children recognise the difference between you, me and I and start to ask lots of questions, they won’t always get grammar right. They enjoy songs and have favourite stories. | From birth dependant on adults for comfort which generally stops when cuddled. Babies respond to adults especially Mothers face and voice. Will start to smile after a few weeks and stare at faces. As they reach 6 months babies start to enjoy more interaction and perhaps play peek-a-boo and show affection. Between one and two years they may become anxious when separated from known adults, may use a comfort object and start to play alongside other children but not with. They show interest around them and greet know adults with pleasure. Need continuous attention as can get into mischief, does not understand danger. Will get frustrated with themselves if can’t do something they try to do. Two to three years sees a sense of own identity, likes to roll-play, sometimes reluctant to share. Prone to tantrums, can spoon feed themselves, joins in songs, can use sentences but may not always make sense. Ready to toilet train. | 3 – 7 years| Three to four years – more coordination over movements – jumping with feet together, walk on tip toes, using stairs, catching a gently thrown ball, climbing with confidence. At four to five years they learn to pedal a tricycle and have control with fine motor skills such as cutting and drawing, using scissors, holding pencils. By five their skills become refined. They can hop and kick a ball with aim, handle a pencil with more control and copy shapes and some letters. Six to seven years most children can skip, ride a bicycle, do up buttons, write, handle larger climbing equipment confidently. | From three to four years children can understand two to three simple commands at once. They sort objects by size, colour and draw some objects. Loves the same stories over and over, very inquisitive, will start to know colours. By age four their grammar improves and they ask more complex questions. They also have a sense of humour. Between five to seven they begin to understand about differences, can count up to 20, know their address. Also start to recognise written words and start to write words and sentences and make up stories. | Three to four years – play becomes more sociable and able to share. Starts to show sympathy towards others and become more cooperative – likes to help. Pretend play is more complex and self-motivated and behaviour is getting better. They feel more secure and able to cope with separation from family for periods of time. Between five to seven years children can brush their own teeth, dress and undress. Can make friends and is developing a sense of rules. They love learning about people and the real world. They need routine and structure. Can use a knife and fork and enjoy a little responsibility. | 7 – 12 years| Children can run, jump, climb, swing, hit a ball and enjoys team games by age 8. Can sometimes be unsure of their own ability. May start to have hobbies and interests and have skills required to learn an instrument. About the age of 10-11 girls may start to show early signs of puberty. | Most children will be fluent in language and can read to themselves and also out loud. They start to develop their own thoughts and preferences and are able to discuss ideas. They take a lively interest in certain subjects over others. They write descriptively and drawing is detailed. They need help with the complexities of spellings. | At seven, friendships will be more settled and tend to be in groups. Children around this age start to become less dependent on adults for close support and have an understanding about behaviour and what is acceptable. By eight, children will start to form close friendships. They form their own personalities. Towards 10 and above children start to become aware of their own gender, and what others may think of them. |

Illiteracy Among African Americans Essay

Abstract The high rate of illiteracy is a major problem in the United States. Although there have been programs and initiatives started to eradicate this problem, illiteracy still plagues millions of Americans. Out of all ethnic groups, African Americans have a higher illiteracy rate. Within this project, the causes of illiteracy are revealed and viable solutions to this on-going problem will be discussed. Illiteracy Among African-Americans African-American adults do not have the ability or proper skills to read, write, or speak English correctly. African-Americans have the lowest level of literacy rates in the United States. The history of literacy among African- Americans depicts the levels of literacy today. Until the Civil War, it was illegal to teach Blacks to read and write. â€Å"Compulsory ignorance† as coined by writer Brent Staples relates to the reality that â€Å"Black† literacy was obstructed as a matter of law for more than a century. Until after the Civil War, it was a crime to teach â€Å"Blacks† how to read and openly literate â€Å"Blacks† were seen as destructive and even dangerous. † The stereotype of African-American adults are considered to be part-time workers, unemployed, and non-educated illiterate people. These African-American adults are individuals who make our society incapable of succeeding because of living their life on drugs or being violent. Some African-Americans choose to follow the road of poverty in the wrong direction by being caught in armed robbery, abuse, and prison. According to the 2000 US Census of Population, 15% of African-American in the poverty level are below the 8th grade reading level. An illiteracy study which focused on African- American communities to research the job opportunities, proper education, and drug usage in the urban area stressed that lifestyles have a dramatic influence on academic levels. The urban community stresses the issues of abuse, pregnancy, drugs, and violence, but few want to help the illiterate. African Americans need to have power and motivation to educate themselves and children at home. African Americans need to focus on homework, study habits, reading comprehension skills, and written English skills. African Americans need to invest in themselves and children having the power and education to read. While the slave experiences of African Americans make experiences markedly different from other citizens, we must move forward and utilize the system. It is time to demand more from our public education systems and more from us as parents and communities. Illiteracy among African Americans was people considered middle and low class families. These are African Americans with money to invest properly, productive in education, and have low paying jobs. In the South illiteracy among African American people rate at ages ten and over from the percentage level of 76. 2%-10. 7. Illiteracy among African American makes rate at ages 20 to 64 from the percentage level of 50. 0% to 9. 6%. During the 1870 to 1979 illiteracy has been a problems throughout African American culture. The government was concern whether African Americans were capable of keeping up with modern functions in the society. The literacy rate for blacks rose from 38. 2 percent in1880 to 71. 9 percent in 1910, whereas the literacy rate for whites rose only 1.9 percentage points from its 1880 level of 93. 2 percent. Literacy among African Americans has improved statistically showing things have changed in the 20th century. Individuals were capable of receiving jobs in the Civil War period compared to the African Americans then. The characteristics of African Americans ages 55-64 were tested on three documents of illiteracy were prose, documents, and quantities skills. Each African Americans within this age range scored below average. African American with a high school diploma or GED only scored poorly on the quantities literacy test. African Americans with illiteracy have lower paying jobs like service or labor, craft, and service occupation. These African Americans with low income rates are also receiving help from the government. African American illiteracy is common because researchers feel; this ability is from cognitive and physical effects of age. Researchers feel African American are not expand to assessments of printed material written. African Americans proficiencies results showed thirty-eight percent of them scored high on there examine. The United States has specialized a program in the schools, recreation centers, and after school programs from literacy. African Americans with illiteracy receive basic skills courses to enhance their reading, writing, and English skills. The African American programs illiteracy that supports the group by designing fundamental speaking and educational classes. These classes will better prepare and motivate African American to get their GED and workforce training. African Americans have the most students of 76% or more enrolled in these classes for illiteracy. African Americans also have outreach programs for illiteracy throughout the region. African American regions are processing new strategies for people below average functioning under level number one literacy. There are state officials, business leaders, and human resources who promote assessment class to determine the adequate needs for African Americans needing more help with illiteracy. The African Americans who developmental skills are not processing the schools and recreation centers conduct remedial educational opportunities for those reading skills are below average. The government has conducted two National Assessment of Adult Literacy and The National Center for Educational Statistics. The federal government has provided funds to assist states in establishing and expanding basic education programs for individuals age 16 and over who have not completed high school. The type of services and providers funded under federal legislation has changed a number of times since it began nearly 40 years ago. Originally established under the Adult Education Act of 1966, the adult education program is currently governed by the Adult Education and Family Literacy Act (AEFLA), which is Title II of the Workforce Investment Act (WIA) of 1998, as amended (P. L. 105-220). WIA makes the adult education program part of a new â€Å"one-stop† career center system that includes many federally funded employment and training programs. The government was trying to examine whether illiteracy is arbitrary or misleading to society. The government also was trying to develop a system where African -Americans’ English language skills through literacy would change tremendously. The regions are always stereotyping on whether the lower class of succeeding in the socioeconomic groups. African Americans are not able of reading books, newspapers and interact with their environment. African Americans are put down because their illiteracy habits are poor in average. Some African Americans illiteracy knowledge of phonics and vocabulary is on a elementary level. African American illiteracy is high in change because other ethnicities have a stronger and diverse chance of having a better job. African Americans are not pushed to get ahead because they are motivated to look to the future. African Americans are not successful because they do not have self-confidence or the proper attitudes to care about being illiterate. African Americans value the least concern for being illiterate. African Americans cultural identity is a problem for people with no social skills. African Americans have had to suffer by competing with other culture with illiteracy. African American culture of having a different sense of belief in religion affects people ways of being are very skeptical about advancing with education. Some researchers feel African Americans are failures to society. There are African Americans who prefer to be illiterate because of the mismatch languages advise throughout the country. African Americans and Hispanics are compared to each other because they are behind on the level of grade four. A quarter million of Africans Americans were treated for illiteracy. African Americans educational programs were taught to read (book, newspaper, and application) and write (proper grammatical papers). African Americans illiteracy rates went down five percent every year. Researchers receive notes of reading ability fail tremendously in directives, forms, education, and informed consent skills (Hunter & Harman). Their theories on African Americans were concern with adequate informational literacy. Hunter and Harman wanted to examine the autonomy of the informed consent of literacy. These researchers believe the rapid increase of literacy is caused by critical implication. Also, the researchers discovered literacy could be modified the health reasons. The National Adult Literacy programmed examines the process of comprehending newspaper articles, employment forms, and quantities skills. The NAL realizes the lowest of African American literacy skills will limit competing skills. The African Americans having two levels below average had disabilities and mental problems. Some had physical and disable needs to have full activity to think properly. Also, the NAL realized the older compared to middle age adults. Illiteracy and health explore different links between direct measures of learning. Researchers studies the process of education had influence the ability of illiteracy (Cumming, Smith, & Shrestha1994-2004). Illiteracy has access information and navigates in literate environments to process cognitive and linguistics process. Some illiterate African Americans access crucial information for health care without taking medication. Researchers feel different readability strategies measure out their health reasons. In conclusion the idea to try to change illiteracy for African Americans is very important. It is possible to recognize, focus, and understanding of learning. These studies are process to decrease the rate of African American knowledge of illiteracy. African Americans need to start early receiving the proper need or help. African Americans need to understand that having a deficiency is nothing to be ashamed of. African Americans to support their group by learning to read, comprehend, write, and speak correct English.

How Did Life Change for the Blacks After the Civil War? Essay

Life for Southern blacks did improve somewhat as a result of the Civil War and Reconstruction, but it was not perfect. There were still many inequalities between the two races, white and black. This essay will discuss life of blacks prior to the Civil War (1861-1865), how the blacks were involved in the war and Reconstruction (1865-1877), and how the war and Reconstruction changed the blacks’ way of life. Before the Civil War, most slaves lived on small cotton plantations. Here, the owner worked alongside them. The bigger the plantation, the more the slaves, and thus the weaker human relationship would be between master and slaves. They received, in general, harsh treatment because they were considered property. There were many social inequalities. Black Codes were passed to limit blacks’ freedom even more than it was already. They were not allowed to marry legally or learn to be literate. Slaves could be â€Å"sold down the river†, and had no privacy from their masters. They were not allowed to go outdoors after dark, get together in groups of three or more, exit their owner’s property without a written pass, or own weapons. This changed somewhat after the Civil War. The blacks played a major role in the victory of the North in the Civil War. There were many black soldiers in the war who worked behind the scenes for armies of the North. During Reconstruction, blacks exercised political power for the first time in the South. They were included as authors of new state constitutions, along with military governments, scalawags, and carpetbaggers. On January 1st 1863, the Emancipation came into effect. It was a proclamation issued by President Abraham Lincoln that declared freedom for all slaves in states still in rebellion against the federal government. This meant that more slaves could live a free life again, but only until the Black Codes were passed. Without the blacks’ contributions to the Civil War and Reconstruction, things could have turned out a lot different. As for life after the Civil War and Reconstruction, there were many social changes. These were mostly in support of the blacks, until the start of the 20th century. Thanks to the protection of the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments to the Constitution and the Civil Rights Act of 1866, blacks relished a period of time during which they could vote, have a say in politics, acquire land, find a job, and make use of public accommodations. They were able to legally marry, worship how they wanted, and could form private clubs, along with other rights. This was until the 1890s, which is when the southern states began coming up with ways to exclude blacks once again. In response to this, many blacks moved into the Northern states, and some even went back to Africa. One of the parts of their lives that didn’t change much was that the majority of southern blacks remained in poverty because sharecropping didn’t earn them enough money to improve their conditions. Despite this progress socially, there were many more rights the blacks didn’t have, but the whites did. These hard times for African Americans continued into the 20th century, which is when the Civil Rights Movement and other efforts came into play in an attempt to equalize rights between races. As I said before, life for blacks after the Civil War and Reconstruction was somewhat better than life before. Their life still wasn’t impeccable, and it was a long road to equality.

Biology Osmosis Observation

Independent: sugar concentration in potatoes. Controlled: time, potato form. Apparatus: 1. 5 plastic cups 2. Distilated water 3. Potato 4. Knife 5. Clock 6. Electronical scales (Â ±0,05) 7. Bag of sugar 8. Measuring cylinder 9. Tap water Method: Peeling down the potato and cutting it into 1cm3 cubes (25 cubes) Weighing potatoes on the scales Putting different amount of sugar into five plastic cups (1st no sugar 2nd 6,8g 3rd 13,7g 4th 20,5 5th 27,4g) Adding 100ml of water to each of the cups Mixing the sugar with water Putting in 5 potatoes into each cup Waiting 20 minutes Pulling out the potatoes, drying them up and putting on the scales Writing down new mass. Amount of sugar in solutionSolution concentration %Cup numberMass of five cubes before(Â ±0,05g)Mass of five cubes after (Â ±0,05g) 0g0%15,8g6g 6,8g6,37%25,1g5,2g 13,7g12,05%35,5g5,3g 20,5g17. 01%45,6g5,4g 27,4g21,51%55,5g5,3g Graph: While the concentration is from 0% to 6,37% the net mass gets bigger, later on from 12,05% to 21,51% the net mass gets smaller. When the concentration is from 0% to 6,37% the net mass change is positive, when from 17. 01% to 21,51% – negative. Conclusion: The potato lost more mass as it was submerged in bigger concentration solutions because the bigger concentration difference is, the osmosis will occurs more intensively. Evaluation: I think that laboratory work went pretty well, I managed to see the differences in potato mass change and make a conclusion of it. Next time I should write down original numbers and not rounded ones to give more accurate results. Biology Osmosis Observation Independent: sugar concentration in potatoes. Controlled: time, potato form. Apparatus: 1. 5 plastic cups 2. Distilated water 3. Potato 4. Knife 5. Clock 6. Electronical scales (Â ±0,05) 7. Bag of sugar 8. Measuring cylinder 9. Tap water Method: Peeling down the potato and cutting it into 1cm3 cubes (25 cubes) Weighing potatoes on the scales Putting different amount of sugar into five plastic cups (1st no sugar 2nd 6,8g 3rd 13,7g 4th 20,5 5th 27,4g) Adding 100ml of water to each of the cups Mixing the sugar with water Putting in 5 potatoes into each cup Waiting 20 minutes Pulling out the potatoes, drying them up and putting on the scales Writing down new mass. Amount of sugar in solutionSolution concentration %Cup numberMass of five cubes before(Â ±0,05g)Mass of five cubes after (Â ±0,05g) 0g0%15,8g6g 6,8g6,37%25,1g5,2g 13,7g12,05%35,5g5,3g 20,5g17. 01%45,6g5,4g 27,4g21,51%55,5g5,3g Graph: While the concentration is from 0% to 6,37% the net mass gets bigger, later on from 12,05% to 21,51% the net mass gets smaller. When the concentration is from 0% to 6,37% the net mass change is positive, when from 17. 01% to 21,51% – negative. Conclusion: The potato lost more mass as it was submerged in bigger concentration solutions because the bigger concentration difference is, the osmosis will occurs more intensively. Evaluation: I think that laboratory work went pretty well, I managed to see the differences in potato mass change and make a conclusion of it. Next time I should write down original numbers and not rounded ones to give more accurate results.